L'intégration du principe de continuité écologique dans les schémas de cohérence territoriale (SCOT) Analyse de 21 expériences de SCOT

Cette étude s'inscrit dans le cadre des travaux du Comité opérationnel Trame verte et bleue mis en place pour réfléchir aux modalités de mise en place d'une Trame verte et bleue en France, mesure inscrite dans le projet de loi Grenelle 2. À travers un recueil d'expériences de vingt et un schémas de cohérence territoriale (SCOT), l'étude analyse les différentes méthodes d'identification des trames vertes et bleues, les modalités d'intégration de cet outil d'aménagement dans les projets de territoire et les démarches participatives mises en place pour faire adhérer les différents acteurs socio-économiques au projet. L'étude est ponctuée de recommandations pour intégrer la Trame verte et bleue dans un SCOT dans le respect des orientations nationales. / This study is part of the work for the operational committee (COMOP) in charge of formulating the rules and recommendations for implementation of the French ecological network created by the "Grenelle II" law. Based on 21 local development plans (SCOT), the study analyses the different methods used to position local ecological networks, how this planning tool is used in the local development plans and how participative approaches have been developed to ensure that local stakeholders support the project. The study has produced recommendations on how to integrate an ecological network in a SCOT in compliance with national guidelines

A computationally efficient reduced order model to generate multi-parameter fluid-thermal databases

A reduced order model (ROM) is proposed to generate multi-parameter databases of some fluid-thermal problems, using a combination of proper orthogonal decomposition, a gradient-like method, and a continuation method. The resulting ROM greatly reduces the CPU time required by slower methods based on genetic algorithm formulations. As a byproduct, the number of required snapshots is also reduced, which yields an additional improvement of the computational efficiency. The work presented in this article aims to facilitate the use of ROMs in industrial environments, in which time is a very important asset. The methodology is illustrated with the non-isothermal flow past a backward-facing step in the laminar regime, which is a representative problem, related to the engineering design of micro-heat sinks

Fluoride supplements (tablets, drops, lozenges or chewing gums) for preventing dental caries in children.

BACKGROUND: Dietary fluoride supplements were first introduced to provide systemic fluoride in areas where water fluoridation is not available. Since 1990, the use of fluoride supplements in caries prevention has been re-evaluated in several countries. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of fluoride supplements for preventing dental caries in children. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register (to 12 October 2011), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2011, Issue 3), MEDLINE via OVID (1950 to 12 October 2011), EMBASE via OVID (1980 to 12 October 2011), WHOLIS/PAHO/MEDCARIB/LILACS/BBO via BIREME (1982 to 12 October 2011), and Current Controlled Trials (to 12 October 2011). We handsearched reference lists of articles and contacted selected authors. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing, with minimum follow-up of 2 years, fluoride supplements (tablets, drops, lozenges) with no fluoride supplement or with other preventive measures such as topical fluorides in children less than 16 years of age at the start. The main outcome was caries increment measured by the change in decayed, missing and filled tooth surfaces (DMFS). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors, independently and in duplicate, assessed the eligibility of studies for inclusion, and carried out risk of bias assessment and data extraction. In the event of disagreement, we sought consensus and consulted a third review author. We contacted trial authors for missing information. We used the prevented fraction (PF) as a metric for evaluating the efficacy of the intervention. The PF is defined as the mean caries increment in controls minus mean caries increment in the treated group divided by mean caries increment in controls. We conducted random-effects meta-analyses when data could be pooled. We assessed heterogeneity in the results of the studies by examining forest plots and by using formal tests for homogeneity. We recorded adverse effects (fluorosis) when the studies provided relevant data. MAIN RESULTS: We included 11 studies in the review involving 7196 children.In permanent teeth, when fluoride supplements were compared with no fluoride supplement (three studies), the use of fluoride supplements was associated with a 24% (95% confidence interval (CI) 16 to 33%) reduction in decayed, missing and filled surfaces (D(M)FS). The effect of fluoride supplements was unclear on deciduous or primary teeth. In one study, no caries-inhibiting effect was observed on deciduous teeth while in another study, the use of fluoride supplements was associated with a substantial reduction in caries increment.When fluoride supplements were compared with topical fluorides or with other preventive measures, there was no differential effect on permanent or deciduous teeth.The review found limited information on the adverse effects associated with the use of fluoride supplements. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: This review suggests that the use of fluoride supplements is associated with a reduction in caries increment when compared with no fluoride supplement in permanent teeth. The effect of fluoride supplements was unclear on deciduous teeth. When compared with the administration of topical fluorides, no differential effect was observed. We rated 10 trials as being at unclear risk of bias and one at high risk of bias, and therefore the trials provide weak evidence about the efficacy of fluoride supplements

Model Order Reduction in Fluid Dynamics: Challenges and Perspectives

This chapter reviews techniques of model reduction of fluid dynamics systems. Fluid systems are known to be difficult to reduce efficiently due to several reasons. First of all, they exhibit strong nonlinearities — which are mainly related either to nonlinear convection terms and/or some geometric variability — that often cannot be treated by simple linearization. Additional difficulties arise when attempting model reduction of unsteady flows, especially when long-term transient behavior needs to be accurately predicted using reduced order models and more complex features, such as turbulence or multiphysics phenomena, have to be taken into consideration. We first discuss some general principles that apply to many parametric model order reduction problems, then we apply them on steady and unsteady viscous flows modelled by the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. We address questions of inf-sup stability, certification through error estimation, computational issues and — in the unsteady case — long-time stability of the reduced model. Moreover, we provide an extensive list of literature references

Étude préalable à l’élaboration du SRCE Languedoc-Roussillon - Partie 1 : Synthèse bibliographique, état des lieux des travaux TVB en LR

En préalable à l’élaboration du Schéma Régional de Cohérence Écologique (SRCE) en Languedoc-Roussillon, cette analyse bibliographique a pour objectif de : - réaliser un état des lieux des travaux existants sur la thématique des continuités écologiques sur le territoire régional, à différentes échelles spatiales ; - dresser une liste des enjeux attachés aux principes de continuité écologique dans les documents de planification ; - analyser les méthodes d’identification d’un réseau écologique utilisées dans d’autres régions et pays

Étude préalable à l’élaboration du SRCE Languedoc-Roussillon - Partie 2 : Analyse des techniques d’identification rencontrées en Languedoc-Roussillon au regard des exigences nationales pour les SRCE et des spécificités régionales

Cette partie fait une analyse des méthodes utilisées pour identifier les Trames vertes et bleues qui ont été décrites dans l’analyse bibliographique (cf. partie 1). Les objectifs sont de : - comparer les méthodes aux exigences nationales, retranscrites dans le guide méthodologique pour l’élaboration des SRCE ; - souligner les spécificités de la région qui sont prise en compte pour identifier la Trame verte et bleue ; - établir des recommandations méthodologiques pour l’identification de la Trame verte et bleue régionale