A memetic algorithm based on Artificial Bee Colony for optimal synthesis of mechanisms

En este documento se presenta una propuesta novedosa de un algoritmo híbrido modular, como herramienta para resolver problemas de ingeniería del mundo real. Se implementa y aplica un algoritmo memético, MemMABC, para la solución de dos casos de diseño de mecanismos, con el fin de evaluar su eficiencia y rendimiento. El algoritmo propuesto es simple y flexible debido a su modularidad; estas características lo vuelven altamente reutilizable para ser aplicado en una amplia gama de problemas de optimización. Las soluciones de los casos de estudio también son modulares, siguiendo un esquema de programación estructurada que incluye el uso de variables globales para la configuración, y de subrutinas para la función objetivo y el manejo de las restricciones. Los algoritmos meméticos son una buena opción para resolver problemas duros de optimización, debido a la sinergia derivada de la combinación de sus componentes: una metaheurística poblacional para búsqueda global y un método de refinamiento local. La calidad en los resultados de las simulaciones sugiere que el MemMABC puede aplicarse con éxito para la solución de problemas duros de diseño en ingeniería.In this paper a novel proposal of a modular hybrid algorithm as a tool for solving real-world engineering problems is presented. A memetic algorithm, MemMABC, is implemented with this approach and applied to solve two case studies of mechanism design, in order to evaluate its efficiency and performance. Because of its modularity, the proposed algorithm is simple and flexible; these features make it quite reusable to be applied on different optimization problems, with a wide scope. The solutions of the optimization problems are also modular, following a scheme of structured programming that includes the use of global variables for configuration, and subroutines for the objective function and the restrictions. Memetic algorithms are a good option to solve hard optimization problems, because of the synergy derived from the combination of their components: a global search population-based metaheuristic and a local refinement method. The quality of simulation results suggests that MemMABC can be successfully applied to solve hard problems in engineering design.Peer Reviewe

Dependencia emocional en estudiantes de Medicina

Objective: To determine the emotional dependence of students of medicine in a public university. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried-out applying the 42-item scale of emotional dependence of Ancima, Caballero, Cirilo y Aguirre (2013) with dichotomous responses (yes/no); 332 five-year medical students were selected; a non- probabilistic sample of 303 students was finally recruited. Results: 183 (60.39%) were females: mean age was 24 years; only 2.98% were stables and 90.39% had a tendency for dependence. Conclusions: Five-year medical students had a marked tendency for dependence, especially female students.Objetivos: Identificar la dependencia emocional en los estudiantes de medicina de universidad pública. Material y métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, no experimental, exploratorio, descriptivo, transversal. Se aplicó la escala de dependencia emocional de Ancima, Caballero, Cirilo y Aguirre (2013) integrada por 42 ítems. Las respuestas se establecen dicotómicamente Si o no. La población se conformó por 332 estudiantes de medicina de quinto año de una universidad pública. La escala fue aplicada a 303 estudiantes una muestra no probabilística, por conveniencia. Resultados: De 303 estudiantes, 183 (60,39%) eran del género femenino y 120 (39,60%) masculino, con promedio de edad de 24 años, con una desviación estándar de 1,46. Solo el 2,98% fueron “estables” y el 90,39% con “tendencia a la dependencia”. Conclusiones: Los estudiantes de medicina presentan una marcada tendencia a la dependencia emocional. Siendo las mujeres las más dependientes

Helmholtz theorem and the v-gauge in the problem of superluminal and instantaneous signals in classical electrodynamics

In this work we substantiate the applying of the Helmholtz vector decomposition theorem (H-theorem) to vector fields in classical electrodynamics. Using the H-theorem, within the framework of the two-parameter Lorentz-like gauge (so called v-gauge), we show that two kinds of magnetic vector potentials exist: one of them (solenoidal) can act exclusively with the velocity of light c and the other one (irrotational) with an arbitrary finite velocity $v$ (including a velocity more than c . We show also that the irrotational component of the electric field has a physical meaning and can propagate exclusively instantaneously.Comment: This variant has been accepted for publication in Found. Phys. Letter

Quid: observatorio de medios

El informe está estructurado en seis partes. En la primera, “Transparencia y derecho a la información en Jalisco”, se presenta un artículo que sintetiza cómo fue que en diciembre de 2011, el Congreso y el Gobierno del Jalisco se organizaron para aprobar la “Ley de Información Pública de Jalisco y sus Municipios”, como un intercambio de favores entre estos poderes. En la segunda parte, "Medios de comunicación y periodismo en Jalisco", se presentan trabajos sobre los cambios en la prensa local, los medios de comunicación y los juegos panamericanos, las condiciones laborales de los periodistas en Guadalajara, y la prensa roja. En la tercer parte, "Economía política de los medios de comunicación y las industrias culturales en Jalisco" se incluyen trabajos sobre la industria de la música, la propaganda disfrazada de periodismo, y los medios públicos. En la cuarta parte, "Medios de comunicación y telecomunicaciones", se abordan los temas de la lucha por las telecomunicaciones en México, y la televisión abierta como una herramienta política para construir estrategias gubernamentales. En la quinta parte, "Producción de investigación académica del observatorio de medios", se presenta un análisis de contenido de cinco periódicos mexicanos con respecto al tema del medio ambiente. La sexta parte es una semblanza del periodista Víctor Wario Romo.ITESO, A.C

EFICACIA DE DOS TIPOS DE RECOLECTA PARA REGISTRAR LA DIVERSIDAD DE MELOLÓNTIDOS NOCTURNOS (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEOIDEA)

The traditional assumption is that nocturnal melolonthids are attracted to light and thus they have been collected using light sources. Recent research, however, has shown that not all species respond to light. This study was done to identify the optimum collection method for recording melolonthid diversity. Melolonthid specimens were collected from April to June in 2001 and 2002 from streetlamps and from host plants using handheld lights in three agricultural plots in San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test, collection method within each site (agricultural plot per year) and overall between sites and collection method. Shannon-Winner and Bootstrap indices were generated and Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests were run. The Hutcheson procedure was applied, and a logistical regression used to analyze the effect of collection method on the male:female ratio. A total of 11,091 specimens were collected from 20 species and seven morphospecies belonging to 11 genera. The most abundant species were Phyllophaga obsoleta (51.6%), P. tumulosa (25%) and Anomala sticticoptera (10.4%).Collection from host plants produced 19 species and from light sources 22 species. Both collection methods resulted in 14 species from the Phyllophaga, Diplotaxis, Hoplia, Anomala and Viridimicus genera. The Orizabus, Strategus and Macrodactylus genera were only collected from host plants and the Ancognatha, Cyclocephala and Xyloryctes genera only from light sources. Richness varied by collection method at only one site, both within the site (Z = 3.86, P < 0.05) and accounting for all observations (Z = 1.07, P = 0.285). The highest specimen abundance was collected from the host plants (75.11%). Diversity (H’) was 1.44 from hosts and 1.19 from light sources, and differed within site 1 (t294= 31.70, P = 0.001). The male:female ratio for P. tumulosa (P < 0.01) and P. obsoleta (P < 0.001) differed by collection method with the former increasing 75% when collected from light sources and the latter varying by site. The two collection methods are complementary for generating species abundance and richness data. Phyllophaga obsoleta, the species of greatest agricultural importance, had a higher abundance in collections from host plants.Tradicionalmente se ha asumido que los melolóntidos nocturnos son atraídos por las luces, por lo que se ha registrado su diversidad a través de capturas por medio de fuentes luminosas, sin embargo, en recientes trabajos se ha demostrado que no todas las especies responden a ello. Con el propósito de identificar un método de recolecta de estos escarabajos más eficaz para registrar su diversidad, durante los meses de abril a junio de 2001 y 2002 se capturaron escarabajos en alumbrados públicos y en plantas hospederas, buscándolos con lámparas manuales, en tres parcelas agrícolas de San Cristóbal Las Casas, Chiapas. Los datos se analizaron por tipo de recolecta dentro de cada sitio (área agrícola por año) y de forma conjunta entre sitios y tipos de recolecta. La composición de especies por tipo de recolecta se analizó con la prueba Kruskal-Wallis. Se obtuvieron índices de Shannon-Winner y Bootstrap, y corrieron pruebas de Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney y procedimiento de Hutcheson; además de una regresión logística para analizar el efecto del tipo de captura en la relación de hembras y machos. Se obtuvieron 11,091 ejemplares de 20 especies y siete morfoespecies, pertenecientes a 11 géneros. Las especies más abundantes fueron Phyllophaga obsoleta (51.6%), P. tumulosa (25%) y Anomala sticticoptera (10.4%). En los hospederos se capturaron 19 especies y en alumbrado se registraron 22 especies. En ambos tipos de captura se obtuvieron 14 especies de los géneros Phyllophaga, Diplotaxis, Hoplia, Anomala y Viridimicus. Sólo en las plantas hospederas se capturaron los géneros Orizabus, Strategus y Macrodactylus; y exclusivamente en alumbrado se encontraron Ancognatha, Cyclocephala y Xyloryctes. Únicamente en el sitio 1 la riqueza varió por tipo de recolecta, tanto dentro del sitio (Z = 3.86, P < 0.05) como considerando todas las observaciones (Z = 1.07, P = 0.285). La mayor abundancia se capturó sobre los hospederos (75.11 %). La diversidad (H’) fue de 1.44 en hospederos y de 1.19 en alumbrado, y difirió dentro del sitio 1 (t294= 31.70, P = 0.001). La relación hembras y machos de P. tumulosa (P < 0.01) y P. obsoleta (P < 0.001) difirió entre los tipos de recolecta; la primera aumenta un 75% en alumbrado, y la segunda varía según el sitio. La abundancia y riqueza de especies se complementan con los métodos de recolecta. La especie de importancia agrícola, Phyllophaga obsoleta, se recolectó con mayor abundancia sobre las plantas hospederas

Multiple Sclerosis and Its Relationship with Oxidative Stress, Glutathione Redox System, ATPase System, and Membrane Fluidity

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with a focus on inflammation, demyelination, and damage to axons leading to neurological deficits. MS pathology is associated with excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and generation of reactive nitrogen species (RNS), causing oxidative/nitrosative stress. Deregulation of glutathione homeostasis and alterations in glutathione‐dependent enzymes are implicated in MS. Reactive oxygen species enhance both monocyte adhesion and migration across brain endothelial cells. In addition, ROS can activate the expression of the nuclear transcription factor‐kappa, which upregulates the expression of many genes involved in MS, such as tumor necrosis factor‐α and nitric oxide synthase, among others, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and energy deficits that result in mitochondrial and cellular calcium overload. Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential can increase the release of cytochrome c, one pathway that leads to neuronal apoptosis. Clinical studies suggest that omega‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects in MS and animal models of MS. Here, we review the relationship of oxidative stress, the glutathione redox system, the ATPase system, and membrane fluidity with the development of MS. In addition, we describe the main findings of a clinical trial conducted with relapsing‐remitting MS patients who received a diet supplemented with 4 g/day of fish oil or olive oil. The effects of PUFAs supplementation on the parameters indicated above are analyzed in this work

Oxidative Stress and Parkinson’s Disease: Effects on Environmental Toxicology

Epidemiological studies have found an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD) with environmental factors such as exposure to substances derived from industrial processes, use of agrochemicals, or living in a rural environment. The hypothesis that certain environmental toxins could be the source of the EP is supported by the discovery that chemicals such as herbicides paraquat, diquat, and the fungicide maneb are selectively toxic in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Also, one of the insecticides produced by plants, such as rotenone, and by-product of the synthesis of synthetic heroin MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) can be reproduced in animal models where neurochemicals, histopathological, and clinical characteristic of PD can be found. Interestingly, there are similarities in the chemical structure of paraquat and MPTP. Recent evidence exhibited that inflammation and oxidative stress play an essential role in the development of PD. So, in our laboratory we found that in an animal model melatonin decreases the products of lipid oxidation, nitric oxide metabolites, and the activity of cyclooxygenase 2, which are induced by an intraperitoneal injection of MPTP. This suggests that the neuroprotective effects of melatonin are partially attributed to its antioxidant scavenging and anti-inflammatory action

Associations between whole peripheral blood fatty acids and DNA methylation in humans

Fatty acids (FA) modify DNA methylation in vitro, but limited information is available on whether corresponding associations exist in vivo and reflect any short-term effect of the diet. Associations between global DNA methylation and FAs were sought in blood from lactating infants (LI; n = 49) and adult males (AMM; n = 12) equally distributed across the three conventional BMI classes. AMM provided multiple samples at 2-hour intervals during 8 hours after either a single Western diet-representative meal (post-prandial samples) or no meal (fasting samples). Lipid/glucose profile, HDAC4 promoter and PDK4 5'UTR methylation were determined in AMM. Multiple regression analysis revealed that global (in LI) and both global and PDK4-specific DNA methylation (in AMM) were positively associated with eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic acid. HDAC4 methylation was inversely associated with arachidonic acid post-prandially in AMM. Global DNA methylation did not show any defined within-day pattern that would suggest a short-term response to the diet. Nonetheless, global DNA methylation was higher in normal weight subjects both post-prandially and in fasting and coincided with higher polyunsaturated relative to monounsaturated and saturated FAs. We show for the first time strong associations of DNA methylation with specific FAs in two human cohorts of distinct age, diet and postnatal development stage