Breastfeeding and the social control of women

Breastfeeding remains problematic in our society despite its being a 'natural' physiological process, its official encouragement as the healthiest way to feed babies and its revival in popularity amongst mothers over the last thirty years. Many mothers give up early and turn to bottle-feeding, and a substantial minority choose not to breastfeed at all. The aim of this research was to study mothers' feeding experiences in the context of the culture and organisation of western industrialised society. The small sample from a single area, whilst not claiming to be rigorously representative, was drawn nevertheless from a community which was very much the product of western industrialised society. Three in-depth interviews were conducted with 47 mothers having their first babies. The first interview was less than a month before the birth, the second about a month after, and the third at about five months. Most wanted to breastfeed, but found it a struggle against doubts and difficulties stemming from lack of knowledge, conflicting ideas and cultural embarrassment. Even those who continued breastfeeding were dependent on bottle-feeding to overcome problems. Health education on the benefits of breastfeeding and coherent advice based on 'demand feeding' will not solve problems stemming from cultural embarrassment and incompatibility with other culturally defined duties and social activities, but setting an unattainable 'natural ideal' could contribute to women's feelings of guilt or failure when they compromise with bottle-feeding, or choose not to breastfeed at all

Chapter 11 Introduction to Section 2

This handbook addresses a growing list of challenges faced by regions and cities in the Pacific;Rim, drawing connections around the what, why, and how questions that are fundamental;to sustainable development policies and planning practices. These include the connection;between cities and surrounding landscapes, across different boundaries and scales; the persistence;of environmental and development inequities; and the growing impacts of global;climate change, including how physical conditions and social implications are being anticipated;and addressed. Building upon localized knowledge and contextualized experiences,;this edited collection brings attention to place-;based;approaches across the Pacific Rim and;makes an important contribution to the scholarly and practical understanding of sustainable;urban development models that have mostly emerged out of the Western experiences. Nine;sections, each grounded in research, dialogue, and collaboration with practical examples and;analysis, focus on a theme or dimension that carries critical impacts on a holistic vision of city-;landscape;development, such as resilient communities, ecosystem services and biodiversity,;energy, water, health, and planning and engagement.;This international edited collection will appeal to academics and students engaged in;research involving landscape architecture, architecture, planning, public policy, law, urban;studies, geography, environmental science, and area studies. It also informs policy makers,;professionals, and advocates of actionable knowledge and adoptable ideas by connecting;those issues with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs);of the United Nations. The;collection of writings presented in this book speaks to multiyear collaboration of scholars;through the APRU Sustainable Cities and Landscapes (SCL);Program and its global network,;facilitated by SCL Annual Conferences and involving more than 100 contributors;from more than 30 institutions

Chapter 11 Introduction to Section 2

This handbook addresses a growing list of challenges faced by regions and cities in the Pacific;Rim, drawing connections around the what, why, and how questions that are fundamental;to sustainable development policies and planning practices. These include the connection;between cities and surrounding landscapes, across different boundaries and scales; the persistence;of environmental and development inequities; and the growing impacts of global;climate change, including how physical conditions and social implications are being anticipated;and addressed. Building upon localized knowledge and contextualized experiences,;this edited collection brings attention to place-;based;approaches across the Pacific Rim and;makes an important contribution to the scholarly and practical understanding of sustainable;urban development models that have mostly emerged out of the Western experiences. Nine;sections, each grounded in research, dialogue, and collaboration with practical examples and;analysis, focus on a theme or dimension that carries critical impacts on a holistic vision of city-;landscape;development, such as resilient communities, ecosystem services and biodiversity,;energy, water, health, and planning and engagement.;This international edited collection will appeal to academics and students engaged in;research involving landscape architecture, architecture, planning, public policy, law, urban;studies, geography, environmental science, and area studies. It also informs policy makers,;professionals, and advocates of actionable knowledge and adoptable ideas by connecting;those issues with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs);of the United Nations. The;collection of writings presented in this book speaks to multiyear collaboration of scholars;through the APRU Sustainable Cities and Landscapes (SCL);Program and its global network,;facilitated by SCL Annual Conferences and involving more than 100 contributors;from more than 30 institutions

The Relationship between Military Combat and Cardiovascular Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

© 2019 Christopher J. Boos et al. Background and Objectives. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death among military veterans with several reports suggesting a link between combat and related traumatic injury (TI) to an increased CVD risk. The aim of this paper is to conduct a widespread systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between military combat ± TI to CVD and its associated risk factors. Methods. PubMed, EmbaseProQuest, Cinahl databases and Cochrane Reviews were examined for all published observational studies (any language) reporting on CVD risk and outcomes, following military combat exposure ± TI versus a comparative nonexposed control population. Two investigators independently extracted data. Data quality was rated and rated using the 20-item AXIS Critical Appraisal Tool. The risk of bias (ROB using the ROBANS 6 item tool) and strength of evidence (SOE) were also critically appraised. Results. From 4499 citations, 26 studies (14 cross sectional and 12 cohort; 78-100% male) met the inclusion criteria. The follow up period ranged from 1 to 43.6 years with a sample size ranging from 19 to 621901 participants in the combat group. Combat-related TI was associated with a significantly increased risk for CVD (RR 1.80: 95% CI 1.24-2.62; I 2 = 59 %, p = 0.002) and coronary heart disease (CHD)-related death (risk ratio 1.57: 95% CI 1.35-1.83; I 2 = 0 %, p = 0.77: p < 0.0001), although the SOE was low. Military combat (without TI) was linked to a marginal, yet significantly lower pooled risk (low SOE) of cardiovascular death in the active combat versus control population (RR 0.90: CI 0.83-0.98; I 2 = 47 %, p = 0.02). There was insufficient evidence linking combat ± TI to any other cardiovascular outcomes or risk factors. Conclusion. There is low SOE to support a link between combat-related TI and both cardiovascular and CHD-related mortality. There is insufficient evidence to support a positive association between military combat ± any other adverse cardiovascular outcomes or risk factors. Data from well conducted prospective cohort studies following combat are needed

Exosomes: Biogenesis, targeting, characterization and their potential as "Plug &amp; Play" vaccine platforms

Exosomes are typically characterized as spherical extracellular vesicles less than 150 nm in diameter that have been released into the extracellular environment via fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) to the plasma membrane. Exosomes play a key role in cell-cell communication, vary widely in their composition and potential cargo, and are reportedly involved in processes as diverse as angiogenesis, apoptosis, antigen presentation, inflammation, receptor-mediated endocytosis, cell proliferation, and differentiation, and cell-signaling. Exosomes can also act as biomarkers of health and disease and have enormous potential use as therapeutic agents. Despite this, the understanding of how exosome biogenesis can be utilized to generate exosomes carrying specific targets for particular therapeutic uses, their manufacture, detailed analytical characterization, and methods of application are yet to be fully harnessed. In this review, the author describes the current understanding of these areas of exosome biology from a biotechnology and bioprocessing aspect, but also highlight the challenges that remain to be overcome to fully harness the power of exosomes as therapeutic agents, with a particular focus on their use and application as vaccine platforms

The association between PTSD and cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in male veterans of the Iraq/Afghanistan conflicts:a systematic review

Military personnel with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can experience high levels of mental and physical health comorbidity, potentially indicating a high level of functional impairment that can impact on both military readiness and later ill-health. There is strong evidence to implicate PTSD as a contributory factor to Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) among serving personnel and veterans. This systematic review focusses on the association between PTSD and cardiovascular disease/risk factors in male, military serving and ex-serving personnel who served in the Iraq/Afghanistan conflicts. PUBMED, MEDLINE, PILOTS, EMBASE, PSYCINFO, and PSYCARTICLES were searched using PRISMA guidelines. Three hundred and forty-three records were identified, of which 20 articles were selected. PTSD was positively associated with the development of CVD, specifically circulatory diseases, including hypertension. PTSD was also positively associated with the following risk factors: elevated heart rate, tobacco use, dyslipidaemia, and obesity. Conflicting data is presented regarding heart rate variability and inflammatory markers. Future studies would benefit from a standardized methodological approach to investigating PTSD and physical health manifestations. It is suggested that clinicians offer health advice for CVD at an earlier age for ex-/serving personnel with PTSD.</p

Comunidades Pesqueiras, Etnoecologia, Ecologia Humana e Segurança Alimentar: uma revisão de conceitos, modelos e ensino

A literatura sobre incentivos para conservar a biodiversidade frequentemente sobrepõe processos e resultados. Há necessidade de revisar os principais resultados, como governança e co-manejo; os principais processos, como confiança, legitimidade e transparência; os principais ‘drivers’ (motivadores, fatores impulsionadores) que podem ser positivos (incentivos, segurança alimentar, biodiversidade) ou negativos (poluição, pobreza); como ainda os instrumentos disponíveis para alcançar resultados, como processos colaborativos e conhecimento local (‘local ecological knowledge, LEK’). LEK é sugerida aqui como tendo um grande potencial dentro de processos colaborativos em comunidades pesqueiras. Um Modelo de Ecologia Humana (CAT – Modelos de Adaptação Cultural), adaptado a comunidades pesqueiras de pequena escala, é usado como ferramenta analítica no sentido de organizar processos de ‘feedback’ entre informação ecológica, processos colaborativos e segurança alimentar. Ilustramos a colaboração com os pescadores através de pesquisa realizada em Copacabana (Posto 6), Rio de Janeiro, no estudo de garoupas (Epinephelus marginatus). Avaliamos ainda os motivadores positivos que podem engajar os pescadores no co-manejo, como PSA (Pagamentos de Serviços Ambientais). PSAs podem ser aplicados no co-manejo, como em MPAs (áreas protegidas marinhas) através de pagamento direto a pescadores que ajudem na vigilância dessas áreas