24 research outputs found

    Effets de Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia) sur la santé de l'abeille domestique Apis mellifera L. (changements physiologiques et comportementaux)

    Get PDF
    Nosema ceranae est un parasite émergeant d Apis mellifera décrit dans certaines régions comme la cause majeure de la mortalité des abeilles. Dans d autres cas, il est soupçonné d affaiblir les colonies par l interaction avec d autres facteurs de pression de l environnement. Dans le cadre du phénomÚne global de la mortalité des abeilles, nous avons orienté nos recherches vers l étude des effets N. ceranae, en faisant l hypothÚse que ce parasite est capable d induire des changements comportementaux chez A. mellifera dus à des altérations physiologiques, ce qui pourrait éventuellement perturber l organisation sociale et aboutir à la mort de la colonie. Etant donné cette hypothÚse, trois domaines d étude ont été inclus dans notre recherche, (i) les effets de N. ceranae sur l organisation sociale de la colonie, (ii) les mécanismes moléculaires à la base des effets chez les abeilles parasitées, et (iii) les différences en virulence d isolats de N. ceranae ce qui pourrait expliquer la variation des effets du parasite chez l abeille. Nous avons obtenu trois résultats majeurs. D abord, nous avons constaté des modifications dans la structure sociale des abeilles aprÚs l infection. Ces changements sembleraient contribuer à la survie de la colonie constituant probablement un mécanisme d immunité sociale. Ce mécanisme géré par un signal phéromonal, permettrait de diminuer la transmission du parasite au sein de la colonie et prolonger la survie des abeilles saines. Ensuite, nous avons mis en évidence des effets sur la physiologie de l intestin de l abeille qui pourraient causer sa mort : l induction du stress oxydatif et l inhibition du renouvellement cellulaire de l épithélium. Finalement, nos résultats suggÚrent que certaines caractéristiques de l hÎte et conditions environnementales augmenteraient la probabilité de N. ceranae d induire la mort. En conclusion, N. ceranae a le potentiel de causer la mort des abeilles, cependant, la colonie pourrait contrer l infection, par exemple, par de mécanismes d immunité sociale, or, la réponse générale à l infection dépendrait des caractéristiques de l hÎte en combinaison avec les conditions de l environnement. Le phénomÚne d effondrement de colonies à l échelle mondiale a mis en évidence la fragilité du systÚme colonie d abeilles environnement. L étude de chaque facteur participant au systÚme, en autres, parasites, pesticides, changements dans l environnement, pratiques apicoles, est essentielle pour une meilleure compréhension de toutes les interactions qui maintiennent l équilibre écologique des coloniesNosema ceranae is an emergent parasite of the honey bee Apis mellifera. In some regions it has been found to be the main reason for bee mortality, while in others it is suspected of weakening honey bee colonies by interacting with other environmental stressors. In the context of worldwide colony losses, we focus our research on the study of N. ceranae, with the hypothesis that this parasite is able to induce behavioral changes in bees through physiological modifications, which could alter social organization and cause colony death. Given this hypothesis, the program of study falls into three areas; (i) N. ceranae effects on colony social organization, (ii) molecular mechanisms of N. ceranae infection underlying observed effects, and (iii) differences in virulence of N. ceranae strains which could explain the diversity of parasite effects. We obtained three main results. First, we observed modifications in honey bee social structure after infection. This mechanism under pheromone control, would reduce parasite transmission within the colony and increase the lifespan of healthy bees. These changes may contribute to colony survival as part of a mechanism of social immunity. Second, we found two mechanisms whereby the pathogen affects the physiology of bee midgut epithelium that could lead to host mortality: oxidative stress and the inhibition of cellular renewal. Finally, our results suggest that certain host and environmental conditions increase the probability that N. ceranae will cause bee mortality. In conclusion, N. ceranae has the potential to cause bee death, however at colony level bees might counteract infection through, for example, social immunity mechanisms; although, overall honey bee response to infection would depend on characteristics of the host in combination with environmental conditions. Worldwide colony losses phenomenon have highlighted the fragility of the honey bee colony environment system. The study of each factor involve in this system, including parasites, pesticides, environmental changes and beekeeping practices, is essential to better understand all of the interactions that maintain the ecological balance of honey bee coloniesAVIGNON-Bib. numérique (840079901) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Gut Pathology and Responses to the Microsporidium Nosema ceranae in the Honey Bee Apis mellifera

    Get PDF
    The microsporidium Nosema ceranae is a newly prevalent parasite of the European honey bee (Apis mellifera). Although this parasite is presently spreading across the world into its novel host, the mechanisms by it which affects the bees and how bees respond are not well understood. We therefore performed an extensive characterization of the parasite effects at the molecular level by using genetic and biochemical tools. The transcriptome modifications at the midgut level were characterized seven days post-infection with tiling microarrays. Then we tested the bee midgut response to infection by measuring activity of antioxidant and detoxification enzymes (superoxide dismutases, glutathione peroxidases, glutathione reductase, and glutathione-S-transferase). At the gene-expression level, the bee midgut responded to N. ceranae infection by an increase in oxidative stress concurrent with the generation of antioxidant enzymes, defense and protective response specifically observed in the gut of mammals and insects. However, at the enzymatic level, the protective response was not confirmed, with only glutathione-S-transferase exhibiting a higher activity in infected bees. The oxidative stress was associated with a higher transcription of sugar transporter in the gut. Finally, a dramatic effect of the microsporidia infection was the inhibition of genes involved in the homeostasis and renewal of intestinal tissues (Wnt signaling pathway), a phenomenon that was confirmed at the histological level. This tissue degeneration and prevention of gut epithelium renewal may explain early bee death. In conclusion, our integrated approach not only gives new insights into the pathological effects of N. ceranae and the bee gut response, but also demonstrate that the honey bee gut is an interesting model system for studying host defense responses

    Evaluation of Cage Designs and Feeding Regimes for Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Laboratory Experiments

    Get PDF
    The aim of this study was to improve cage systems for maintaining adult honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) workers under in vitro laboratory conditions. To achieve this goal, we experimentally evaluated the impact of different cages, developed by scientists of the international research network COLOSS (Prevention of honey bee COlony LOSSes), on the physiology and survival of honey bees. We identified three cages that promoted good survival of honey bees. The bees from cages that exhibited greater survival had relatively lower titers of deformed wing virus, suggesting that deformed wing virus is a significant marker reflecting stress level and health status of the host. We also determined that a leak- and drip-proof feeder was an integral part of a cage system and a feeder modified from a 20-ml plastic syringe displayed the best result in providing steady food supply to bees. Finally, we also demonstrated that the addition of protein to the bees' diet could significantly increase the level of vitellogenin gene expression and improve bees' survival. This international collaborative study represents a critical step toward improvement of cage designs and feeding regimes for honey bee laboratory experiment

    Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia) effects on honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) health : physiological and behavioral changes

    No full text
    Nosema ceranae est un parasite Ă©mergeant d’Apis mellifera dĂ©crit dans certaines rĂ©gions comme la cause majeure de la mortalitĂ© des abeilles. Dans d’autres cas, il est soupçonnĂ© d’affaiblir les colonies par l’interaction avec d’autres facteurs de pression de l’environnement. Dans le cadre du phĂ©nomĂšne global de la mortalitĂ© des abeilles, nous avons orientĂ© nos recherches vers l’étude des effets N. ceranae, en faisant l’hypothĂšse que ce parasite est capable d’induire des changements comportementaux chez A. mellifera dus Ă  des altĂ©rations physiologiques, ce qui pourrait Ă©ventuellement perturber l’organisation sociale et aboutir Ă  la mort de la colonie. Etant donnĂ© cette hypothĂšse, trois domaines d’étude ont Ă©tĂ© inclus dans notre recherche, (i) les effets de N. ceranae sur l’organisation sociale de la colonie, (ii) les mĂ©canismes molĂ©culaires Ă  la base des effets chez les abeilles parasitĂ©es, et (iii) les diffĂ©rences en virulence d’isolats de N. ceranae ce qui pourrait expliquer la variation des effets du parasite chez l’abeille. Nous avons obtenu trois rĂ©sultats majeurs. D’abord, nous avons constatĂ© des modifications dans la structure sociale des abeilles aprĂšs l’infection. Ces changements sembleraient contribuer Ă  la survie de la colonie constituant probablement un mĂ©canisme d’immunitĂ© sociale. Ce mĂ©canisme gĂ©rĂ© par un signal phĂ©romonal, permettrait de diminuer la transmission du parasite au sein de la colonie et prolonger la survie des abeilles saines. Ensuite, nous avons mis en Ă©vidence des effets sur la physiologie de l’intestin de l’abeille qui pourraient causer sa mort : l’induction du stress oxydatif et l’inhibition du renouvellement cellulaire de l’épithĂ©lium. Finalement, nos rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que certaines caractĂ©ristiques de l’hĂŽte et conditions environnementales augmenteraient la probabilitĂ© de N. ceranae d’induire la mort. En conclusion, N. ceranae a le potentiel de causer la mort des abeilles, cependant, la colonie pourrait contrer l’infection, par exemple, par de mĂ©canismes d’immunitĂ© sociale, or, la rĂ©ponse gĂ©nĂ©rale Ă  l’infection dĂ©pendrait des caractĂ©ristiques de l’hĂŽte en combinaison avec les conditions de l’environnement. Le phĂ©nomĂšne d’effondrement de colonies Ă  l’échelle mondiale a mis en Ă©vidence la fragilitĂ© du systĂšme colonie d’abeilles – environnement. L’étude de chaque facteur participant au systĂšme, en autres, parasites, pesticides, changements dans l’environnement, pratiques apicoles, est essentielle pour une meilleure comprĂ©hension de toutes les interactions qui maintiennent l’équilibre Ă©cologique des coloniesNosema ceranae is an emergent parasite of the honey bee Apis mellifera. In some regions it has been found to be the main reason for bee mortality, while in others it is suspected of weakening honey bee colonies by interacting with other environmental stressors. In the context of worldwide colony losses, we focus our research on the study of N. ceranae, with the hypothesis that this parasite is able to induce behavioral changes in bees through physiological modifications, which could alter social organization and cause colony death. Given this hypothesis, the program of study falls into three areas; (i) N. ceranae effects on colony social organization, (ii) molecular mechanisms of N. ceranae infection underlying observed effects, and (iii) differences in virulence of N. ceranae strains which could explain the diversity of parasite effects. We obtained three main results. First, we observed modifications in honey bee social structure after infection. This mechanism under pheromone control, would reduce parasite transmission within the colony and increase the lifespan of healthy bees. These changes may contribute to colony survival as part of a mechanism of social immunity. Second, we found two mechanisms whereby the pathogen affects the physiology of bee midgut epithelium that could lead to host mortality: oxidative stress and the inhibition of cellular renewal. Finally, our results suggest that certain host and environmental conditions increase the probability that N. ceranae will cause bee mortality. In conclusion, N. ceranae has the potential to cause bee death, however at colony level bees might counteract infection through, for example, social immunity mechanisms; although, overall honey bee response to infection would depend on characteristics of the host in combination with environmental conditions. Worldwide colony losses phenomenon have highlighted the fragility of the “honey bee colony – environment” system. The study of each factor involve in this system, including parasites, pesticides, environmental changes and beekeeping practices, is essential to better understand all of the interactions that maintain the ecological balance of honey bee colonie

    Effets de Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia) sur la santĂ© de l’abeille domestique Apis mellifera L. : changements physiologiques et comportementaux

    No full text
    Nosema ceranae is an emergent parasite of the honey bee Apis mellifera. In some regions it has been found to be the main reason for bee mortality, while in others it is suspected of weakening honey bee colonies by interacting with other environmental stressors. In the context of worldwide colony losses, we focus our research on the study of N. ceranae, with the hypothesis that this parasite is able to induce behavioral changes in bees through physiological modifications, which could alter social organization and cause colony death. Given this hypothesis, the program of study falls into three areas; (i) N. ceranae effects on colony social organization, (ii) molecular mechanisms of N. ceranae infection underlying observed effects, and (iii) differences in virulence of N. ceranae strains which could explain the diversity of parasite effects. We obtained three main results. First, we observed modifications in honey bee social structure after infection. This mechanism under pheromone control, would reduce parasite transmission within the colony and increase the lifespan of healthy bees. These changes may contribute to colony survival as part of a mechanism of social immunity. Second, we found two mechanisms whereby the pathogen affects the physiology of bee midgut epithelium that could lead to host mortality: oxidative stress and the inhibition of cellular renewal. Finally, our results suggest that certain host and environmental conditions increase the probability that N. ceranae will cause bee mortality. In conclusion, N. ceranae has the potential to cause bee death, however at colony level bees might counteract infection through, for example, social immunity mechanisms; although, overall honey bee response to infection would depend on characteristics of the host in combination with environmental conditions. Worldwide colony losses phenomenon have highlighted the fragility of the “honey bee colony – environment” system. The study of each factor involve in this system, including parasites, pesticides, environmental changes and beekeeping practices, is essential to better understand all of the interactions that maintain the ecological balance of honey bee coloniesNosema ceranae est un parasite Ă©mergeant d’Apis mellifera dĂ©crit dans certaines rĂ©gions comme la cause majeure de la mortalitĂ© des abeilles. Dans d’autres cas, il est soupçonnĂ© d’affaiblir les colonies par l’interaction avec d’autres facteurs de pression de l’environnement. Dans le cadre du phĂ©nomĂšne global de la mortalitĂ© des abeilles, nous avons orientĂ© nos recherches vers l’étude des effets N. ceranae, en faisant l’hypothĂšse que ce parasite est capable d’induire des changements comportementaux chez A. mellifera dus Ă  des altĂ©rations physiologiques, ce qui pourrait Ă©ventuellement perturber l’organisation sociale et aboutir Ă  la mort de la colonie. Etant donnĂ© cette hypothĂšse, trois domaines d’étude ont Ă©tĂ© inclus dans notre recherche, (i) les effets de N. ceranae sur l’organisation sociale de la colonie, (ii) les mĂ©canismes molĂ©culaires Ă  la base des effets chez les abeilles parasitĂ©es, et (iii) les diffĂ©rences en virulence d’isolats de N. ceranae ce qui pourrait expliquer la variation des effets du parasite chez l’abeille. Nous avons obtenu trois rĂ©sultats majeurs. D’abord, nous avons constatĂ© des modifications dans la structure sociale des abeilles aprĂšs l’infection. Ces changements sembleraient contribuer Ă  la survie de la colonie constituant probablement un mĂ©canisme d’immunitĂ© sociale. Ce mĂ©canisme gĂ©rĂ© par un signal phĂ©romonal, permettrait de diminuer la transmission du parasite au sein de la colonie et prolonger la survie des abeilles saines. Ensuite, nous avons mis en Ă©vidence des effets sur la physiologie de l’intestin de l’abeille qui pourraient causer sa mort : l’induction du stress oxydatif et l’inhibition du renouvellement cellulaire de l’épithĂ©lium. Finalement, nos rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que certaines caractĂ©ristiques de l’hĂŽte et conditions environnementales augmenteraient la probabilitĂ© de N. ceranae d’induire la mort. En conclusion, N. ceranae a le potentiel de causer la mort des abeilles, cependant, la colonie pourrait contrer l’infection, par exemple, par de mĂ©canismes d’immunitĂ© sociale, or, la rĂ©ponse gĂ©nĂ©rale Ă  l’infection dĂ©pendrait des caractĂ©ristiques de l’hĂŽte en combinaison avec les conditions de l’environnement. Le phĂ©nomĂšne d’effondrement de colonies Ă  l’échelle mondiale a mis en Ă©vidence la fragilitĂ© du systĂšme colonie d’abeilles – environnement. L’étude de chaque facteur participant au systĂšme, en autres, parasites, pesticides, changements dans l’environnement, pratiques apicoles, est essentielle pour une meilleure comprĂ©hension de toutes les interactions qui maintiennent l’équilibre Ă©cologique des colonie

    Performances des colonies vues par les observatoires de ruchers

    No full text
    Le dĂ©clin des abeilles sauvages ou domestiques est un champ de controverse que les recherches doivent nourrir en proposant une articulation entre sciences et sociĂ©tĂ©. Une des difficultĂ©s majeures de la description des dysfonctionnements des colonies d’abeilles est la grande variabilitĂ© affĂ©rente aux diffĂ©rents paramĂštres dĂ©crivant l’état et le fonctionnement des colonies. L’observatoire de la miellĂ©e sur Lavandes est une mĂ©thode pour prendre en compte cette variabilitĂ© en situation rĂ©elle. Pour se faire, l’observatoire sur Lavandes se fonde sur le suivi de 300 Ă  600 colonies par an (24 ruchers, 14 Ă  29 colonies par rucher) pendant 8 annĂ©es (2009-2016). Ces ruchers sont des ruchers d’apiculteurs en situation de production. Le gain de poids (« GP ») est la variable d’intĂ©rĂȘt qui a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©finie pour dĂ©crire le fonctionnement des colonies. Cette variable a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©e dans le cadre d’un modĂšle gĂ©nĂ©ral qui s’écrit : Gain de poids ~ fonction (Ressources + Population + Etat sanitaire + variabilitĂ©) La dimension de cet observatoire permet d’absorber la variabilitĂ© des performances des colonies (= « GP ») et de rechercher quels sont les facteurs qui gouvernent les variations annuelles, rĂ©gionales ou locales de cette performance, avec un focus particulier sur les paramĂštres qui sont sous le contrĂŽle de l’apiculteur. Une fois la variation entre rĂ©gions, annĂ©es et ruchers, dĂ©crite, la description de la structure de la population des colonies met en Ă©vidence le rĂŽle essentiel de la quantitĂ© de couvain operculĂ© et ouvert Ă  l’installation des colonies sur la miellĂ©e. Elle montre aussi le caractĂšre pĂ©nalisant pour la performance d’un trop grand nombre d’abeilles et de l’espace occupĂ© par les rĂ©serves. Cette analyse conclue que la performance des colonies est sous la dĂ©pendance d’une stratĂ©gie des colonies : « dynamique » ou « conservative ». Le facteur sanitaire le plus important, pĂ©nalisant la performance, est la charge en varroas. Un seuil critique, dans le cadre de ces observations, est dĂ©fini. En outre, l’observatoire a permis d’étudier la diversitĂ© de l’exposition aux pesticides, par l’analyse des pollens rĂ©coltĂ©s par les colonies sur Lavandes, pendant trois annĂ©es. Une expĂ©rience de transhumance dans des conditions d’exposition contrastĂ©es met en Ă©vidence la complexitĂ© de la rĂ©ponse de la performance Ă  cette exposition. A. Kretzschmar et al. 82 Innovations Agronomiques 53 (2016), 81-93 Et le rĂŽle spĂ©cifique des cocktails de pesticides rencontrĂ©s dans les pollens observĂ©s sur l’observatoire est aussi dĂ©crit par la rĂ©ponse des larves en dĂ©veloppement. Enfin, l’observatoire met en ligne ses rĂ©sultats Ă  l’adresse des apiculteurs.The decline of wild or domestic bees is a field of controversy that research must nurture by proposing a link between science and society. One of the major difficulties in the description of dysfunctions of bee colonies is the great variability related to the various parameters describing the state and operation of the colonies. The Observatory of the honeydew on Lavander is a method to take account of this variability in real situation. To do this, the observatory on Lavander is based on the monitoring of 300 to 600 colonies per year (24 apiaries, 14 to 29 colonies per apiary) for 8 years (2009-2016). These apiaries belong to professional beekeepers. Weight gain ("GP") is the variable of interest that has been defined to describe the functioning of colonies. This variable was studied in the framework of a general model which is written: Weight gain ~ function (Resources + Population + Health status + variability) The size of this observatory makes it possible to absorb the variability of the performances of the colonies (= «GP») and to investigate the factors that govern the annual, regional or local variations of this performance, with a particular focus on the parameters that are under the control of the beekeeper. Once the variation between regions, years and apiaries is described, the description of the population structure of the colonies reveals the essential role of the quantity of capped and open brood to the establishment of colonies on the honeydew. It also shows the penalizing nature of the performance of too many bees and of the space occupied by the reserves. This analysis concludes that the performance of the colonies is dependent on a colonial strategy: "dynamic" or "conservative". The most important health factor, penalizing performance, is the load in varroas. A critical threshold for these observations is defined. In addition, the observatory studied the diversity of exposure to pesticides by analyzing the pollen harvested by the colonies on Lavander for three years. A transhumance experiment in contrasting pesticide exposure conditions highlights the complexity of the performance response to this exposure. And the specific role of pesticide cocktails encountered in pollens observed on the observatory is also described by the response of developing larvae

    Correction to: Preliminary report of honeybee physiological changes pre- and post-hybrid lavender season in high and low weight gain colonies

    No full text
    International audienceA Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-021-00849-

    Rapport préliminaire sur les changements physiologiques des abeilles avant et aprÚs la saison de la lavande hybride - une comparaison des colonies ayant une forte et une faible prise de poids

    No full text
    International audienceAbstractPollinators foraging on monocultures like hybrid lavender are suspected to suffer physiological stress. We used biomarkers to assess changes in honeybee physiology pre- and post-hybrid lavender season, in high and low weight gain colonies. We observed post-season increased levels of enzymes involved in antioxidant defenses: catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase; increased levels of acetylcholinesterase, a biomarker of neural transmission; and decreased levels of alkaline phosphatase associated with the loss of midgut homeostasis. Compared to low weight gain colonies, high weight gain colonies showed lower levels of almost all analyzed biomarkers. We discuss the environmental and beekeeping factors likely underlying observed changes for which cause and effect remain to be established
    corecore