12 research outputs found

    An explicit GIS-based river basin framework for aquatic ecosystem conservation in the Amazon

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    Despite large-scale infrastructure development, deforestation, mining and petroleum exploration in the Amazon Basin, relatively little attention has been paid to the management scale required for the protection of wetlands, fisheries and other aspects of aquatic ecosystems. This is due, in part, to the enormous size, multinational composition and interconnected nature of the Amazon River system, as well as to the absence of an adequate spatial model for integrating data across the entire Amazon Basin. In this data article we present a spatially uniform multi-scale GIS framework that was developed especially for the analysis, management and monitoring of various aspects of aquatic systems in the Amazon Basin. The Amazon GIS-Based River Basin Framework is accessible as an ESRI geodatabase at doi:10.5063/F1BG2KX8. © Author(s) 2016

    A caça e o caçador: uma análise crítica da Legislação Brasileira sobre o uso da fauna por populações indígenas e tradicionais na Amazônia

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    A caça, além de prover o sustento de populações tradicionais, indígenas e não-indígenas, em áreas remotas, vem também assumindo função socialmente estruturante nessas sociedades. Neste artigo, conceituamos a caça de subsistência para além da visão preservacionista, preponderante nos campos das ciências ambientais e jurídicas, e oferecemos uma perspectiva integrada que contempla aspectos ecológicos, sociais, econômicos e legais. Apesar de os impactos demográficos e ecossistêmicos frequentemente atribuídos à caça de subsistência serem bem documentados, mecanismos naturais intrínsecos de recuperação populacional, tais como taxa reprodutiva, dinâmica fonte-sumidouro ou acordos locais, demonstram a resiliência dos sistemas socioecológicos à extração da fauna, constituindo uma grande janela de oportunidades para a conservação de espécies cinegéticas em sistemas de manejo in situ. Embora legalmente o “caçador de subsistência” seja explicitamente definido apenas no Estatuto do Desarmamento (Lei n° 10.826/2003), o direito à caça de subsistência é (ou deveria ser) respaldado pelo princípio universal de dignidade da pessoa humana, previsto, mais amplamente, na Declaração dos Direitos Humanos das Nações Unidas e na Constituição Federal de 1988 (CF/88). Tal direito também é reconhecido pelo Sistema Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SISAN), abrangendo populações humanas rurais em constante estado de necessidade, seja pela imediata necessidade de saciar a fome (conforme definição na Lei de Crimes Ambientais), seja porque tais populações residem em regiões onde caça e pesca são  geralmente as principais fontes de proteína de origem animal. Por se tratar de uma das mais antigas práticas de obtenção de alimento, inerente à reprodução física e cultural das populações tradicionais, o direito de caçar encontra respaldo, no Brasil, em um arcabouço legal amplo, incluindo a adesão à Convenção 169 da Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT), promulgada no Brasil pelo Decreto n° 5.051/2004, à Política Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sustentável dos Povos e Comunidades Tradicionais (PNPCT – Decreto n° 6.040/2007) e ao Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação (SNUC – Lei n° 9.985/2000). No entanto, as contradições legais (entre leis preservacionistas e as que promovem os direitos humanos e o uso sustentável dos recursos naturais) e sua discricionariedade interpretativa sobre termos que carecem de conceituação ou definição (“caça de subsistência”, “estado de necessidade”) permanecem, prevalecendo o caráter proibitivo e repressivo à caça de subsistência desde a publicação da Lei de Proteção à Fauna (Lei n° 5.197/1967). O resultado é a perpetuação do quadro de inseguridade social, nutricional e jurisdicional dos caçadores de subsistência. A ausência de regulamentação da prática da caça de subsistência impede o desenvolvimento de ferramentas efetivas e participativas de conservação e manejo da fauna, e a consequente valorização dos recursos e ecossistemas naturais

    Exploração e manejo do cipó-titica (Heteropsis spp.) / Exploitation and management of the vine Heteropsis spp.

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    ResumoAs espécies hemiepífitas do gênero Heteropsis produzem raízes aéreas que são conhecidas na Amazônia brasileira como cipó-titica e titicão ou cipó timbó-açu, sendo fonte produtora de fibra de alto valor comercial, principalmente na fabricação de artesanatos e móveis. Essa matéria-prima é intensamente explorada de forma insustentável, tendo grande redução da disponibilidade desse recurso florestal, devido à diminuição ou extinção regional das plantas de cipó provocadas pelo inadequado manejo exploratório. Assim, alguns governos estaduais regulamentaram a conduta de manejo e exploração de cipós produtores de fibra, visando a sua manutenção e regeneração de suas raízes aéreas. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho buscou, na literatura geral e científica, as informações sobre o marco legal da exploração e o plano de manejo, a ecologia das espécies, as etapas ligadas ao manejo florestal, inventário, intensidade e ciclo de corte bem como os procedimentos de coleta e beneficiamento dessas plantas, que são conhecimentos atualmente consolidados com normatização em poucos estados da Amazônia. Apesar disso, as áreas que foram intensamente exploradas se fazem necessário o desenvolvimento da produção sustentável com novos estudos, visando recuperação dessas populações por meio de técnicas de multiplicação vegetativa, plantio e nutrição vegetal, agregando-os ao manejo ecológico dos indivíduos remanescentes na floresta.AbstractThe hemiepiphytes species of the genus Heteropsis produces aerial roots that are known in the Brazilian Amazon as “cipó-titica and titicão or timbó-açu, and are a source of fiber of considerable commercial value used primarily to manufacture handicrafts and furniture. This raw material has been heavily exploited and mismanaged. As the consequent depletion and regional extinction of the plant vines has greatly reduced its availability likely a forest resource. This has led some state governments to regulate the management and exploitation of fiber-producing vines in an effort to maintain and regenerate their aerial roots. With that in mind, this study researched the information on the legal framework of the holding and the management plan, the ecology of the species, the steps related to forest management, inventory, intensity and cutting cycle, and harvesting and processing procedures of these plants in general and scientific literature, which are current knowledge’s consolidated, with specific rules in few States in Amazon. Nevertheless, the areas that were heavily exploited if make need the production sustainable development with new studies in order to recover these populations by means of vegetative propagation techniques, planting and plant nutrition, adding them the ecological management of individuals remaining in the forest

    A conspiracy of silence: Subsistence hunting rights in the Brazilian Amazon

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    Subsistence hunting is an important cultural activity and a major source of dietary protein and other products for indigenous and non-indigenous populations throughout Amazonia. Nonetheless, subsistence hunting occupies an uncertain legal status in Brazil, leaving many traditional and rural Amazonian populations subject to arbitrary interpretation and enforcement of contradictory laws. The Brazilian Wildlife Protection Act of 1967, which helped to stem the slaughter of wild animals for the international hide market, made the hunting of all wild animals illegal. Later, only indigenous peoples had their rights to hunting explicitly recognized in Brazilian laws. Exceptions for other traditional and rural populations were then introduced, allowing subsistence hunters to own and license guns and hunt with them in a “state of necessity” or “to quench hunger” through the Brazilian Disarmament Statute and Environmental Crimes Law. These legal inconsistences mean that there is no single regulatory framework for subsistence hunting in Brazil. This scenario of uncertainties jeopardizes the establishment of consistent sustainable hunting management practices across Brazilian indigenous lands, sustainable use reserves and agrarian reform settlement areas. This article analyzes the relevant legislation and examines evidence from key studies with a view towards implementing robust, scientifically informed and practically feasible co-management strategies for indigenous and sustainable use reserves in the Brazilian Amazon. By focusing on subsistence rights, food sovereignty and organizational autonomy as guaranteed in international agreements ratified in Brazil, the framework presented here involves empowerment and technical training of local people in Amazonia to monitor and manage their own resource base. © 2019 Elsevier Lt

    AMAZONIA CAMTRAP: a dataset of mammal, bird, and reptile species recorded with camera traps in the Amazon forest

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    The Amazon forest has the highest biodiversity on earth. However, information on Amazonian vertebrate diversity is still deficient and scattered across the published, peer-reviewed and grey literature and in unpublished raw data. Camera traps are an effective non-invasive method of surveying vertebrates, applicable to different scales of time and space. In this study, we organized and standardized camera trap records from different Amazon regions to compile the most extensive dataset of inventories of mammal, bird and reptile species ever assembled for the area. The complete dataset comprises 154,123 records of 317 species (185 birds, 119 mammals and 13 reptiles) gathered from surveys from the Amazonian portion of eight countries (Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela). The most frequently recorded species per taxa were: mammals - Cuniculus paca (11,907 records); birds - Pauxi tuberosa (3,713 records); and reptiles - Tupinambis teguixin (716 records). The information detailed in this data paper opens-up opportunities for new ecological studies at different spatial and temporal scales, allowing for a more accurate evaluation of the effects of habitat loss, fragmentation, climate change and other human-mediated defaunation processes in one of the most important and threatened tropical environments in the world. The dataset is not copyright restricted; please cite this data-paper when using its data in publications and we also request that researchers and educators inform us of how they are using this data

    AMAZONIA CAMTRAP: A data set of mammal, bird, and reptile species recorded with camera traps in the Amazon forest

    Get PDF
    The Amazon forest has the highest biodiversity on Earth. However, information on Amazonian vertebrate diversity is still deficient and scattered across the published, peer-reviewed, and gray literature and in unpublished raw data. Camera traps are an effective non-invasive method of surveying vertebrates, applicable to different scales of time and space. In this study, we organized and standardized camera trap records from different Amazon regions to compile the most extensive data set of inventories of mammal, bird, and reptile species ever assembled for the area. The complete data set comprises 154,123 records of 317 species (185 birds, 119 mammals, and 13 reptiles) gathered from surveys from the Amazonian portion of eight countries (Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela). The most frequently recorded species per taxa were: mammals: Cuniculus paca (11,907 records); birds: Pauxi tuberosa (3713 records); and reptiles: Tupinambis teguixin (716 records). The information detailed in this data paper opens up opportunities for new ecological studies at different spatial and temporal scales, allowing for a more accurate evaluation of the effects of habitat loss, fragmentation, climate change, and other human-mediated defaunation processes in one of the most important and threatened tropical environments in the world. The data set is not copyright restricted; please cite this data paper when using its data in publications and we also request that researchers and educators inform us of how they are using these data
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