La cuestión de lo arquitectónico en un conflicto urbano : disputa de sentidos y prácticas en el conflicto de urbanización de la Villa 20

Los conflictos urbanos resultan de la crisis del modelo de producción, y se dan en una de sus formas predilectas de concentración de capital: la ciudad. Pero la ciudad es además espacio de socialización, de exigencia de equipamientos colectivos, de posibilidades, no solo de crisis. Esta doble contradicción marca los debates que se desprenden de las problemáticas vinculadas a lo urbano, y a los campos que se abocan a trabajar con ellas. Es, en este caso, el campo de lo arquitectónico el que se pone en cuestión, el que al aparecer interviniendo en un conflicto urbano se encuentra en crisis interna, por su falta de herramientas para abordar estas problemáticas, y, por otro, es allí donde se abre una posibilidad para su cambio y reconfiguración. Este trabajo intenta, a partir de analizar el conflicto por la urbanización de la Villa 20, en Capital Federal, problematizar sobre dicha crisis y reconfiguración de lo arquitectónico. Este conflicto se visibiliza a partir de la toma de terrenos, por un grupo 800 familias, que se denominó Barrio Papa Francisco, en febrero de 2014. Proceso que tuvo una gran repercusión en los medios de comunicación, y desencadenó diversas acciones organizadas de vecinos, que permitieron reabrir la discusión sobre la urbanización. La discusión respecto sobre qué intervención urbanística se debería llevar a cabo, una vez consumada la toma de terrenos, abrió un intenso debate respecto del campo disciplinar y sus posibilidades de acción en estos casos. A partir del análisis de noticias periodísticas y entrevista a ciertos actores, se busca reconstruir los diversos sentidos y prácticas que se fueron adoptando, en el proceso de disputa que se desencadenó entorno a las posibilidades, incumbencias y limitaciones del campo para dar respuesta a estas problemáticas urbanas.Fil: Durante, Maria Eugenia. Universidad Nacional de La Plat

Genome-wide multi-parametric analysis of H2AX or γH2AX distributions during ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage response

Background: After induction of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), the DNA damage response (DDR) is activated. One of the earliest events in DDR is the phosphorylation of serine 139 on the histone variant H2AX (gH2AX) catalyzed by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases-related kinases. Despite being extensively studied, H2AX distribution[1] across the genome and gH2AX spreading around DSBs sites[2] in the context of different chromatin compaction states or transcription are yet to be fully elucidated. Materials and methods: gH2AX was induced in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) by exposure to 10 Gy X-rays (250 kV, 16 mA). Samples were incubated 0.5, 3 or 24 hours post irradiation to investigate early, intermediate and late stages of DDR, respectively. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was performed to select H2AX, H3 and gH2AX-enriched chromatin fractions. Chromatin-associated DNA was then sequenced by Illumina ChIP-Seq platform. HepG2 gene expression and histone modification (H3K36me3, H3K9me3) ChIP-Seq profiles were retrieved from Gene Expression Omnibus (accession numbers GSE30240 and GSE26386, respectively). Results: First, we combined G/C usage, gene content, gene expression or histone modification profiles (H3K36me3, H3K9me3) to define genomic compartments characterized by different chromatin compaction states or transcriptional activity. Next, we investigated H3, H2AX and gH2AX distributions in such defined compartments before and after exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) to study DNA repair kinetics during DDR. Our sequencing results indicate that H2AX distribution followed H3 occupancy and, thus, the nucleosome pattern. The highest H2AX and H3 enrichment was observed in transcriptionally active compartments (euchromatin) while the lowest was found in low G/C and gene-poor compartments (heterochromatin). Under physiological conditions, the body of highly and moderately transcribed genes was devoid of gH2AX, despite presenting high H2AX levels. gH2AX accumulation was observed in 5’ or 3’ flanking regions, instead. The same genes showed a prompt gH2AX accumulation during the early stage of DDR which then decreased over time as DDR proceeded. Finally, during the late stage of DDR the residual gH2AX signal was entirely retained in heterochromatic compartments. At this stage, euchromatic compartments were completely devoid of gH2AX despite presenting high levels of non-phosphorylated H2AX. Conclusions: We show that gH2AX distribution ultimately depends on H2AX occupancy, the latter following H3 occupancy and, thus, nucleosome pattern. Both H2AX and H3 levels were higher in actively transcribed compartments. However, gH2AX levels were remarkably low over the body of actively transcribed genes suggesting that transcription levels antagonize gH2AX spreading. Moreover, repair processes did not take place uniformly across the genome; rather, DNA repair was affected by genomic location and transcriptional activity. We propose that higher H2AX density in euchromaticcompartments results in high relative gH2AXconcentration soon after the activation of DDR, thus favoring the recruitment of the DNA repair machinery to those compartments. When the damage is repaired and gH2AX is removed, its residual fraction is retained in the heterochromatic compartments which are then targeted and repaired at later times

Habitação popular, arquitetura, pesquisa e inovação: O Instituto de Pesquisa e Projetos e o Centro de Pesquisa de Habitação Popular da Universidade de Buenos Aires (1973-1974)

The case of the Research and Projects Institute (IIP) and the Popular Housing Research Center of the University of Buenos Aires (CIVPUBA), which operated during 1973 and 1974, allows us to see an experience of a scientific-technological institution that addresses the problem of popular habitat in a complex, interdisciplinary and innovative way. Two twinned spaces, within the UBA faculty of architecture, where the research space was articulated with public policy, various civil society organizations and the private sector. A proposal that sought to be in tune with the political project of the third Peronism, but that, at the same time, synthesized a process of discussions and practices developed by a generation of architects that was forged in resistance and in generally marginal places since 1955. This experience allows us to see the fruits of a generation that advances in its reflections and builds concrete proposals; allows you to see a science and technology project articulated with a university project and a society project at the service of the problems of the popular sectors. Experiences that, despite being born in a very different conflictive context, today allow us to recover elements that serve to think about new articulation proposals.El caso del Instituto de Investigaciones y Proyectos (IIP) y el Centro de Investigaciones de la Vivienda Popular de la Universidad de Buenos Aires (CIVPUBA), que funcionaron durante 1973 y 1974, permite ver una experiencia de institución científico-tecnológica que aborda el problema del hábitat popular de una manera compleja, interdisciplinaria e innovadora. Dos espacios hermanados, en el seno de la facultad de arquitectura de la UBA, donde el espacio de investigación se articuló con la política pública, diversos organismos de la sociedad civil y el sector privado. Una propuesta que buscó ir en sintonía con el proyecto político del tercer peronismo, pero que, a la vez, sintetizó un proceso de discusiones y prácticas desarrolladas por una generación de arquitectos que se forjó en la resistencia y en lugares generalmente marginales desde 1955. Esta experiencia permite ver los frutos de una generación que avanza en sus reflexiones y construye  propuestas concretas; permite ver un proyecto de ciencia y técnica articulado con un proyecto de universidad y un proyecto de sociedad al servicio de las problemáticas de los sectores populares. Experiencias que, a pesar de gestarse en un contexto conflictivo muy distinto, hoy permiten recuperar elementos que sirven para pensar nuevas propuestas de articulación.O caso do Instituto de Pesquisas e Projetos (IIP) e do Centro de Pesquisa Habitacional Popular da Universidade de Buenos Aires (CIVPUBA), que funcionou durante os anos de 1973 e 1974, nos permite ver uma experiência de uma instituição científico-tecnológica que trata do problema de habitat popular de forma complexa, interdisciplinar e inovadora. Dois espaços geminados, no âmbito da faculdade de arquitetura da UBA, onde o espaço de pesquisa se articulou com as políticas públicas, diversas organizações da sociedade civil e o setor privado. Uma proposta que buscou estar em sintonia com o projeto político do terceiro peronismo, mas que, ao mesmo tempo, sintetizou um processo de discussões e práticas desenvolvidas por uma geração de arquitetos que se forjou na resistência e em lugares geralmente marginais desde 1955 Esta experiência permite-nos ver os frutos de uma geração que avança nas reflexões e constrói propostas concretas; permite ver um projeto de ciência e tecnologia articulado com um projeto universitário e um projeto de sociedade a serviço dos problemas dos setores populares. Experiências que, apesar de nascerem em um contexto conflitivo muito diferente, hoje nos permitem resgatar elementos que servem para pensar novas propostas de articulação

Thyroid cancer

Thyroid cancer is the fifth most common cancer in women in the USA, and an estimated over 62 000 new cases occurred in men and women in 2015. The incidence continues to rise worldwide. Differentiated thyroid cancer is the most frequent subtype of thyroid cancer and in most patients the standard treatment (surgery followed by either radioactive iodine or observation) is effective. Patients with other, more rare subtypes of thyroid cancer-medullary and anaplastic-are ideally treated by physicians with experience managing these malignancies. Targeted treatments that are approved for differentiated and medullary thyroid cancers have prolonged progression-free survival, but these drugs are not curative and therefore are reserved for patients with progressive or symptomatic diseas

A militant profession or a professional militancy?: Contributions from the recent history of architecture

Desde principios de siglo XX, se configuró un sector profesional de la arquitectura que buscó abordar la temática de la vivienda popular, el cual, para mediados del mismo siglo, entrelazó estas intenciones con sus horizontes de transformación social. Hacia las décadas de los sesenta y setenta, parecen desdibujarse los límites entre la práctica profesional y la práctica militante, cuando grupos de arquitectos/as -junto a otras disciplinas- se abocaron a trabajar codo a codo con las organizaciones sociales y políticas de pobladores. El artículo propone una revisión y recorrido por diversas experiencias, discusiones, trayectorias y procesos entrelazados en la historia reciente argentina, donde se generaron diferentes formas de articular los espacios profesionales con la militancia política y social, abordando las problemáticas del hábitat popular. Volver sobre estas experiencias históricas permite complejizar la mirada sobre la “politización” y la “politicidad” de las prácticas arquitectónicas, a desarmar las relaciones lineales para comprender a los arquitectos/as como sujetos políticos insertos en un entramado de actores, disputas y sentidos más amplio. Una reconstrucción histórica que apunta a analizar las posibilidades y limitaciones que emergieron de estos entrelazamientos, que sirvan de insumo para los colectivos profesionales actualmente abocados al hábitat popular.From the beginning of the 20th century, a professional sector of architecture was configured that sought to address the issue of popular housing, which, by the middle of the same century, related these intentions to its horizons of social transformation. Towards the 1960s and 1970s, the limits between professional practice and militant practice seem to blur, when groups of architects -along with other disciplinesbegan to work together with the social and political organizations of residents. The article proposes a review and journey through various experiences, discussions, trajectories and processes intertwined in recent Argentine history, where different ways of articulating professional spaces with political and social militancy were generated, to address the problems of popular habitat. Returning to these historical experiences makes it possible to complicate the view of the "politicization" and "politicity" of architectural practices, to dismantle linear relationships to understand architects as political subjects inserted in a network of actors, disputes and meanings more comprehensive. A historical reconstruction that aims to analyze the possibilities and limitations that emerged from these intertwinings, which serve as input for professional groups currently dedicated to popular habitat.Fil: Durante, Maria Eugenia. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo. Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios Complejos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentin

Fragmented peripherals, persistent inequalities in the city of La Plata, Argentina

La ciudad de La Plata es conocida, en el campo del urbanismo, por su cuadrado inicial, que dio origen a la nueva capital de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. El crecimiento de la ciudad, desbordó el cuadrado inicial, inmediatamente después de la fundación, donde se ubicaron los obreros y fábricas necesarias para la construcción de la nueva ciudad. A medida que pasaron los años, las expansiones de la zona urbana fueron tomando características socio-económicas diversas, vinculadas tanto a la evolución del mercado de trabajo, como a las conexiones con la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, la aplicación de políticas públicas y el desarrollo del mercado inmobiliario. Este trabajo parte de un breve recorrido de la evolución histórica de las periferias de La Plata, para realizar, luego, un estudio en profundidad de la estructura social que caracteriza a las expansiones del cuadrado y configuran la estructura urbana de la ciudad. Se realiza una sistematización, estudio y espacialización de los datos de los censos y las encuestas permanentes de hogares, para determinar las diferencias que caracterizan a cada una de las expansiones (sur, norte, zona rural). Para esto último, se construyen unidades de análisis para divisar crecimientos diferenciados en torno a las características de su población y su situación socio-económica, profundizando sobre el aspecto del acceso a la educación superior, el cual nos permite analizar las posibilidades de movilidad social de los diferentes sectores.The city of La Plata is known, in the field of urban planning, for its initial square, which gave rise to the new capital of the Province of Buenos Aires. The growth of the city, overflowed the initial square, immediately after the foundation, where the workers and factories necessary for the construction of the new city would be located. As the years went by, the expansions of the urban area will take diverse socio-economic characteristics, linked both to the evolution of the productive circuits and the labor market, as well as to the connections with the Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires the application of public policies and the development of the real estate market. This work starts from a brief tour of the historical evolution of the peripheries of La Plata, to then carry out an in-depth study of the social structure that characterizes the expansions of the square and configure the urban structure of the city. A systematization, study and spatialization of census data and permanent household surveys are carried out to determine the differences that characterize each of the expansions (south, north, rural area). For this, analysis units are built to see differentiated growths around the characteristics of their population and their socio-economic situation, deepening on the aspect of access to higher education, which allows us to analyze the possibilities of social mobility of the different sectors.Fil: Durante, Maria Eugenia. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo. Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios Complejos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentin

EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL ASSESSMENT OF DYNAMIC SOIL-PILE-STRUCTURE INTERACTION

A reliable approach for studying the seismic soil-pile- structure interaction is the physical modelling of scaled models in 1-g or n-g devices. A comprehensive laboratory test campaign, performed on the 6-degree-of-freedom 1-g shaking table of the Bristol Laboratory for Advanced Dynamics Engineering (BLADE) of the University of Bristol (UK), is illustrated and discussed in the present thesis. The experimental campaign was carried out within the framework of the Seismic Engineering Research Infrastructures for European Synergies (SERIES). The physical model comprises a group of five piles embedded in a bi-layer deposit with several pile-head configurations and equivalent cantilever systems (single-degree of freedom, SDOF). To investigate the seismic soil-pile-structure interaction, the model was subjected to both dynamic and seismic input motions. The physical model was densely instrumented with accelerometers, Linear Variable Displacement Transformers(LVDTs), strain-gauges (along piles) and a contactless displacement transducer (Indikon) for the evaluation of the settlements. Typical results of free-filed, pile and system response analyses are discussed hereafter. In order to account for the inhomogeneous shear wave velocity profile in the bi-layer deposit, an analytical close-form solution has also been devoleped and validated using the experimental data. The outcomes of the experimental campaign were used to calibrate an advanced two-dimensions difference element model, which has been implemented in the computer program FLAC2D. The comparisons between the experimental and numerical results are satisfactory for case studies, i.e. considering different input motions (static, dynamic and seismic) and for a wide range of input accelerations

Why do they move so much? Student movement of architecture in Buenos Aires (1955-1974)

El movimiento estudiantil de arquitectura en Argentina ha llamado la atención de diversos historiadores de las universidades por su magnitud, la profundidad de sus críticas y la construcción de espacios alternativos. Para las décadas de 1960 y 1970, se habla de radicalización política del actor estudiantil debido a que profundiza la vinculación de las prácticas académicas y la militancia política. Para volver sobre estos procesos, este artículo apunta a indagar en la configuración histórica del actor estudiantil en la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, para comprender cómo fue gestando sus espacios, discursos, prácticas y estrategias. Como fuente principal se recurre a las revistas de arquitectura de la época, las cuales permiten visualizar el impacto de este actor en las instituciones y el discurso público, así como sus diálogos con otros actores de la comunidad universitaria y del campo profesional.The architecture student movement in Argentina has drawn the attention of several historians from universities for their magnitude, the depth of his criticism and construction of alternative spaces. For the 1960s and 1970s, there is talk of political radicalization of the student actor because it deepens the link between academic practices and political militancy. To return to these processes, this article aims to investigate the historical configuration of the student actor in the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of the University of Buenos Aires, to understand how their spaces, discourses, practices and strategies were developed. As the main source, architecture magazines of the time are used, which allow us to visualize the impact of this actor on institutions and public discourse, as well as his dialogues with other actors from the university community and the professional field.Fil: Durante, Maria Eugenia. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo. Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios Complejos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentin

The informal settlement also has a project. For an anthropology of the architectural in the urbanization of Villa 20

El presente trabajo recupera la perspectiva de Ariel Gravano, en Antropología de lo Urbano, para problematizar y analizar el conflicto suscitado por la urbanización Villa 20 y la conformación del Barrio Papa Francisco, a principios de 2014. Se intenta explorar, a partir de las voces de los distintos actores, las representaciones en disputa, en torno a lo arquitectónico, sobre las problemáticas y conflictos urbanos. Se procura visibilizar los significados, identidades, valores e intereses contrapuestos, incluso dentro del mismo campo disciplinar.The present work problematize and analyze the conflict provoked by the urbanization of Villa 20 and the conformation of the Barrio Papa Francisco, at the beginning of 2014. It is tried to explore, from the voices of the different actors, the representations in dispute, around the architectural, on the problems and urban conflicts. It seeks to make visible the opposing meanings, identities, values and interests, even within the same disciplinary field.Fil: Durante, Maria Eugenia. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo. Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios Complejos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentin

Hacia prácticas integrales en arquitectura, un recorrido histórico para reflexionar sobre los desafíos pendientes

Integrality as an approach allows us to return to the relationship between university education and social problems, starting from reflecting on the meanings of the construction and transmission of knowledge in the various areas of the University, in this case, the architecture schools. Housing and urban problems have challenged the formation of architects from the beginning, mainly as a flag for the student sector, which forces us to rethink the training proposal and its links with society. This article proposes to carry out a historical journey, first, on the general approaches from which the relationship of the University and social problems was thought, to then investigate the particular forms that this relationship adopted in the UBA's faculty of architecture from its creation until the mid-seventies. Going back over recent local history allows us to trace various practical experiences that thought about the social problem from training, asking ourselves how the various areas were articulated (teaching, research and extension), as well as identifying which were the actors, processes and interests that allowed the changes , to arrive at reflections that help to think about a current challenge.La integralidad como enfoque permite volver sobre la relación de la formación universitaria y las problemáticas sociales, a partir de reflexionar sobre los sentidos de la construcción y trasmisión del conocimiento en los diversos ámbitos de la Universidad, en este caso, de las facultades de arquitectura. Las problemáticas habitacionales y urbanas interpelan a la formación de los y las arquitectas desde sus inicios, principalmente como bandera del sector estudiantil lo que obliga a repensar la propuesta formativa y sus vínculos con la sociedad. Este artículo propone realizar un recorrido histórico, primero, sobre los enfoques generales desde los que se pensó la relación de la Universidad y las problemáticas sociales, para luego indagar en las formas particulares que esta relación adoptó en la facultad de arquitectura de la UBA desde su creación hasta mediados de los años setenta. Volver sobre la historia reciente local permite rastrear diversas experiencias prácticas que pensaron el problema social desde la formación, preguntándonos cómo se articularon los diversos ámbitos (docencia, investigación y extensión), así como divisar cuáles fueron los actores, procesos e intereses que permitieron los cambios, para arribar a reflexiones que ayuden a pensar un desafío vigente