65 research outputs found

    Fluidite de l’huile produite par des arbres du second cycle de selection reccurente reciproque chez le palmier a huile (Elaeis guineensis Jacq)

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    L’étude de la fluiditĂ© de l’huile du Palmier Ă  huile (Elaeis guineensis) prĂ©sente de nombreux intĂ©rĂȘts, en particulier pour l’identification des arbres Ă©lites qui seront utilisĂ©s dans le programme d’amĂ©lioration soit par clonage, soit par croisement en vue d’augmenter la fraction d’huile fluide dans le fruit. Dans cette perspective, les indices d’iode des huiles extraites Ă  partir des rĂ©gimes produits par des arbres du second cycle de sĂ©lection rĂ©currente rĂ©ciproque ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©s et comparĂ©s Ă  ceux des huiles extraites Ă  partir d’arbres du premier cycle. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus indiquent que le matĂ©riel vĂ©gĂ©tal Deli x La MĂ© issu du premier cycle de sĂ©lection rĂ©currente rĂ©ciproque possĂšde un indice d’iode moyen de 55. Les indices d’iode des matĂ©riels issus du second cycle de sĂ©lection rĂ©currente rĂ©ciproque, laissent apparaĂźtre globalement une amĂ©lioration de 2 points pour les arbres des croisements rĂ©alisĂ©s avec des parents femelles DA5D x DA3D et DA 115D AF (Indice d’Iode moyen = 57) et de 3 points pour ceux issus des croisements ayant pour parent femelle DA3D AF (Indice d’Iode moyen = 58). La fluiditĂ© de l’huile des arbres tĂ©moins ayant pour parent femelle DA115D AF pris comme rĂ©fĂ©rence dans les essais comparatifs, demeure stable du premier au second cycle de sĂ©lection rĂ©currente rĂ©ciproque avec un indice d’iode moyen de 54. L’amĂ©lioration sensible obtenue au niveau de la fluiditĂ© de l’huile du matĂ©riel de second cycle, serait essentiellement due aux meilleures recombinaisons des gĂ©notypes du premier cycle de sĂ©lection rĂ©currente rĂ©ciproque.Mots clĂ©s : FluiditĂ©, huile, indice d’iode, palmier Ă  huile, Elaeis guineensisFUIDITY OF OIL PRODUCED BY TREES FROM THE SECOND CYCLE OF RECIPROCAL RECURRENT BREEDING (RRS) OF OIL PALM (Elaeis guineensis JACQ)Research on Palm oil’s fluidity has several interests, especially for the identification of elite trees used in breeding program for the improvement of the quantity of fluid oil in the fruit. In this prospective, iodine indices of oil produced by bunches of palm trees derived from second cycle of reciprocal recurrent breeding (RRS) are measured and compared to those of trees from first cycle of reciprocal recurrent breeding. Obtained results indicate that Deli x La MĂ© Plant material from the first cycle of RRS displays an iodine index of 55. The values of oil iodine indices of trees from the second cycle of RRS showan improvement of 2 points for trees derived from crosses using DA5D x DA3D and DA115D AF as female parents (mean iodine index = 57). The oil iodine index increases by 3 points for bunches harvested on trees derived from DA3D AF as female parent (mean iodine index = 58). Fluidity of the oil from DA115D x LM2T used as control in the comparative trials remains steady from the first to the second cycle of RRS with a mean value of 54. The significant rise in fluidity of the palm oil from the second cycle of RRS, would be essentially due to better recombinations of the genotypes of the first cycle of RRS.Keywords : Fluidity, oil, iodine index, oil Palm, Elaeis guineensis

    Evaluation du pouvoir disjonctif des variables catĂ©gorielles impliquĂ©es dans la sĂ©lection du palmier Ă  huile (Elaeis guineensis jacq.) en CĂŽte d’Ivoire

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    En amĂ©lioration gĂ©nĂ©tique du palmier Ă  huile (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), les variables catĂ©gorielles constituent une part majoritaire de l’information utilisĂ©e pour diffĂ©rencier, les populations de gĂ©niteurs issus du programme de sĂ©lection rĂ©currente rĂ©ciproque (SRR). Le pouvoir disjonctif de ces variables a Ă©tĂ© testĂ© sur 134 gĂ©niteurs sĂ©lectionnĂ©s issus des populations du premier, deuxiĂšme et troisiĂšme cycle de SRR. Les variables catĂ©gorielles utilisĂ©es pour diffĂ©rencier ces populations sont celles qui ont permis d’avoir des informations sur les origines gĂ©ographiques et les gĂ©nĂ©alogies parentales des gĂ©niteurs. L’analyse factorielle de l’ensemble de ces variables catĂ©gorielles, a permis de dĂ©terminer le pouvoir disjonctif de chacun des deux principaux critĂšres de divergences des populations de gĂ©niteurs sĂ©lectionnes. Le critĂšre "origine gĂ©ographique" a reprĂ©sentĂ© 14 % d’expression de disjonction totale des populations de gĂ©niteurs sĂ©lectionnĂ©s. Le critĂšre "gĂ©nĂ©alogie parentale" a reprĂ©sentĂ© 70 % d’expression de disjonction totale des populations de gĂ©niteurs sĂ©lectionnĂ©s. L’utilisation de ces deux critĂšres de diffĂ©renciation des populations de gĂ©niteurs sĂ©lectionnĂ©es peut constituer une bonne alternative Ă  l’utilisation des donnĂ©es molĂ©culaires dans les Ă©tudes de la diversitĂ© des populations de palmier Ă  huile en sĂ©lection.Mots-clĂ©s : Palmier Ă  huile, sĂ©lection, variable catĂ©gorielle, disjonction de populatio

    Facteurs affectant la reprise au sevrage des vitroplants enracinés de palmier à huile (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) régénérés par embryogÚnese somatique

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    L’élevage des vitroplants de palmier Ă  huile (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) pour les amener au stade de plants plantables comprend une phase  prĂ©liminaire dĂ©licate. Il s’agit du sevrage, qui a pour but de les acclimateraux conditions naturelles. Cette Ă©tape n’excĂšde pas trois Ă  quatre  semaines. MalgrĂ© la mise au point de nouvelles conditions de sevrage plus adaptĂ©es, l’on enregistre des pertes rĂ©siduelles augmentant ainsi le coĂ»t de production de vitroplants. Pour y remĂ©dier, les facteurs qui influencent une bonne reprise en acclimatation ont Ă©tĂ© recherchĂ©s Ă  partir de 70 000 plants sortis des tubes d’enracinement. A la fin de 3 semaines de sevrage, les plants vivants ont Ă©tĂ© comptĂ©s, puis les pourcentages de reprise pour chacune des 81 combinaisons constituĂ©es de plants ont Ă©tĂ© calculĂ©s. Le pourcentage moyen global de reprise a Ă©tĂ© d’environ 90 % pour  l’ensemble des combinaisons. NĂ©anmoins, les rĂ©sultats sur plusieurs  sorties ont mis en Ă©vidence une influence significative de la qualité  morphologique des plants enracinĂ©s. La reprise dĂ©pend fortement du  dĂ©veloppement foliaire, notamment la taille des plants racinĂ©s. La bonne qualitĂ© des racines produites in vitro concourt aussi au succĂšs de la reprise en l’acclimatation, mais ce facteur n’est pas dĂ©terminant. Le nombre de racines est sans effet notable, mais interagit avec les deux autres  variables. Les plantules ayant enregistrĂ© un bon dĂ©veloppement foliaire et racinaire (Groupe A), celles moyennement bien dĂ©veloppĂ©es (Groupe B) ainsi que celles faiblement dĂ©veloppĂ©es ont exprimĂ© respectivement 97 %,91 % et 77 % de taux de reprise. Le taux de reprise global des plants transfĂ©rĂ©s en sol Ă©tait de 92 %, grĂące Ă  une mĂ©thode de sevrage simple qui assure, pendant 3 Ă  4 semaines, une adaptation progressive desplants aux conditions naturelles et qui regroupe les plants en classes de racines.Mots clĂ©s : Culture in vitro, palmier Ă  huile, enracinement, sevrage, taux de reprise. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RECOVERY DURING THE WEANING STAGE OF THE OIL PALM RAMETS REGENERATED VIA SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESISRaising in vitro plantlets of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)  regenerated via somatic embryogenesis to the stage where they are ready to be planted includes preliminary delicate phase - weaning - which is intended acclimatize them to natural conditions. This stage doesn’t exceed 3 to 4 weeks. In spite of the development of new conditions of weaning more adapted, we note residual losses increasing the production costs of to ramets. To remedy there, the factors influencing a good recovery in acclimatization of oil palm vitroplants regenerated by somatic  embryogenesis were investigated using 70,000 plantlets taken out fromrooting tubes. Three weeks after the weaning, the alive plantlets were scored, and then the percentages of recovery for each of the 81 plants  combinations were calculated. The total average percentage of recovery  was approximately 90 %. Nonetheless, the results observed on several  outlets showed a significant influence of the morphological quality of rooted plantlets. The recovery strongly depends on the leaf growth, in particular the height of rooted plantlets. The good quality of roots produced with in vitro culture alsocontributes to the success of acclimatization, but this factor is not determining. In contrast, the roots number does not influence  acclimatization, but is correlated with two other variables. Plantlets with good leaf and root growth (Group A), those fairly grown (Group B), as well as those weakly grown (Group C) expressed a success rate of 97 %, 91 % and 77 %, respectively. The overall rate of recovery of plantlets transferred in ground was 92 %, thanks to a simple method of weaning which provides for 3 to 4 weeks, a gradual adaptation of plantlets to natural conditions and which clusters the plantlets in root clusters.Keywords : In vitro culture, recovery rate, somatic embryo-derived  plantlets, rooting, recovery percentage, weaning

    Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) and antenatal human B cell lymphopoiesis: Expression of SDF-1 by mesothelial cells and biliary ductal plate epithelial cells

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    The chemokine stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) stimulates the growth of pre-B cells in vitro, and mice with a disrupted SDF-1 gene have abnormal fetal liver B cell lymphopoiesis. The origin of SDF-1 production has not been determined yet. Using an anti-SDF-1 mAb, we performed immunohistochemical studies in four human embryos and five fetuses to define which cells express the SDF-1 protein at sites of antenatal B cell lymphopoiesis. All mesothelial cells contained SDF-1 at all stages of development, including in the intraembryonic splanchnopleuric mesoderm early into gestation. In fetal lungs and kidneys, SDF-1 was expressed by epithelial cells, and a few B lymphoid precursors, expressing V pre-B chains, were also detected. In the fetal liver, in addition to mesothelial cells, biliary epithelial cells were the only cells to contain SDF-1. Pre-B cells expressing V chains were abundant and exclusively located around the edge of portal spaces, in close contact with biliary ductal plate epithelial cells. They did not colocalize with biliary collecting ducts. Biliary ductal plate epithelial cells and liver B cell lymphopoiesis display a parallel development and disappearance during fetal life. These results indicate that early B cell lymphopoiesis in the splanchnopleura may be triggered by mesothelial cells producing SDF-1. Later into gestation, biliary ductal plate epithelial cells may support B cell lymphopoiesis, thus playing a role similar to that of epithelial cells in the avian bursa of Fabricius, and of thymic epithelial cells for T cell lymphopoiesis

    QTLs for oil yield components in an elite oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) cross

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    Increased modern farming of superior types of the oil palm, Elaeis guineensis Jacq., which has naturally efficient oil biosynthesis, has made it the world’s foremost edible oil crop. Breeding improvement is, however, circumscribed by time and costs associated with the tree’s long reproductive cycle, large size and 10–15 years of field testing. Marker-assisted breeding has considerable potential for improving this crop. Towards this, quantitative trait loci (QTL) linked to oil yield component traits were mapped in a high-yield population. In total, 164 QTLs associated with 21 oil yield component traits were discovered, with cumulative QTL effects increasing in tandem with the number of QTL markers and matching the QT+ alleles for each trait. The QTLs confirmed all traits to be polygenic, with many genes of individual small effects on independent loci, but epistatic interactions are not ruled out. Furthermore, several QTLs maybe pleiotropic as suggested by QTL clustering of inter-related traits on almost all linkage groups. Certain regions of the chromosomes seem richer in the genes affecting a particular yield component trait and likely encompass pleiotropic, epistatic and heterotic effects. A large proportion of the identified additive effects from QTLs may actually arise from genic interactions between loci. Comparisons with previous mapping studies show that most of the QTLs were for similar traits and shared similar marker intervals on the same linkage groups. Practical applications for such QTLs in marker-assisted breeding will require seeking them out in different genetic backgrounds and environments
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