Identification of microRNAs from Atlantic salmon macrophages upon Aeromonas salmonicida infection

Computational approach was used in to identify potent macrophage specific miRNAs involved in basic biological process of Salmo salar. Analysis of 1119 ESTs from macrophages of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) infected with Aeromonas salmonicida revealed expression of 3 miRNAs. Phylogenetic analysis of both the pre-miRNA sequence revealed its evolutionarily conserved nature among various species. Identified targets of the predicted miRNAs revealed the role of miRNA in pathogenesis, stress response and allosteric exchange of histones. Further detailed studies of these miRNAs will help in revealing its function in different biological process necessary for the action of macrophages upon pathogen infection

Biological and Clinical Relevance of microRNAs in Mitochondrial Diseases

Mitochondrial dysfunction arises from an inadequate number of mitochondria, an inability to provide necessary substrates to mitochondria, or a dysfunction in their electron transport and a denosine triphosphate synthesis machinery. Occurrences of mitochondrial dysfunction are due to genetic or environmental changes in the mitochondria or in the nuclear DNA that codes mitochondrial components. Currently, drug options are available, yet no treatment exists in sight of this disease and needs a new insight into molecular and signaling pathways for this disease. microRNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous, and noncoding RNAs function as a master regulator of gene expression. The evolution of miRNAs in the past two decades emerged as a key regulator of gene expression that controls physiological pathological cellular differentiation processes, and metabolic homeostasis such as development and cancer. It has been known that miRNAs are a potential biomarker in both communicable and noncommunicable diseases. But, in the case of mitochondrial dysfunction in miRNAs, the number of studies and investigations are comparatively less than those on other diseases and dysfunctions. In this review, we have elaborated the roles of miRNAs in the mitochondrial diseases and dysfunctions

Commentary: Role of Micrornas in HIV Related Studies

Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are well known regulatory factor of physiological and developmental processes, it has been revealed that many miRNAs contribute the initiation and progression of variouscancers. Micro RNAs are being reported in body fluids, such as serum, plasma, and urine, and can be readily used as non-invasive biomarkers for various diseases and served as a novel diagnostic andprognostic tools. Recently, microRNAs are considered as a powerful biomarker in HIV-related studies [1-3]. So this short Commendatory will explain information about the role of micro RNAs in HIV relatedstudies.A most recent study shows that cellular micro RNAs (miRNAs) can play crucial roles in controlling HIV-1 infection and replication.In addition, HIV-1 can manipulate the biogenesis of miRNAs as well as the expression profiles of cellular miRNAs [1]. It has been suggested that micro RNAs (miRNAs) contribute to the IFN-α-mediated suppression of HIV-1, moreover.</p

Evaluation of circulatory microRNA-196 levels during the progression of chronic renal (kidney) disease of unknown etiology

Chronic renal disease of unknown etiology is prevalent &amp; clinically silent until its late stages at which point patients may suffer significant irreversible damage or mortality in the lack of early screening &amp; intervention. If diagnosed early stage 1-3 the progression of chronic renal disease can be altered and complications reduced. Current diagnosing markers of renal function, serum creatinine, blood urea and uric acid have been shown to be lacking high predictive value. So, there is a need for next generation biomarkers suitable for Chronic renal disease of unknown etiology and should not be influenced by age, sex, nutritional status, current health concern. microRNAs appears to be very stable in tissues &amp; biological fluids even under adverse conditions like extreme pH, long term room temperature storage, multiple freeze thaw cycles &amp; RNAase activity. microRNAs elaborate in renal development, maintenance of renal function &amp; progression of renal disease. miRNA-196 is a renal derived biomarker, extensively distributed in renal, shows an important role in renal diseases &amp; superior to other renal biomarkers. The aim of present study is to evaluate circulatory miRNA-196 during progression of chronic renal disease of unknown etiology.&nbsp

DNA damage and repair following in vitro exposure to two different forms of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on trout erythrocyte

TiO2 has been widely used to promote organic compounds degradation on waste aqueous solution, however, data on TiO2 nanotoxicity to aquatic life are still limited. In this in vitro study, we compare the toxicity of two different families of TiO2 nanoparticles on erythrocytes from Oncorhynchus mykiss trout. The crystal structure of the two TiO2 nanoparticles was analyzed by XRD and the results indicated that one sample is composed of TiO2 in the anatase crystal phase, while the other sample contains a mixture of both the anatase and the rutile forms of TiO2 in a 2:8 ratio. Further characterization of the two families of TiO2 nanoparticles was determined by SEM high resolution images and BET technique. The toxicity results indicate that both TiO2 nanoparticles increase the hemolysis rate in a dose dependent way (1.6, 3.2, 4.8 lg mL21) but they do not influence superoxide anion production due to NADH addition measured by chemiluminescence. Moreover, TiO2 nanoparticles (4.8 lg mL21) induce DNA damage and the entity of the damage is independent from the type of TiO2 nanoparticles used. Modified comet assay (Endo III and Fpg) shows that TiO2 oxidizes not only purine but also pyrimidine bases. In our experimental conditions, the exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles does not affect the DNA repair system functionality. The data obtained contribute to better characterize the aqueous environmental risks linked to TiO2 nanoparticles exposure

Deciphering the role of microRNA 21 in cancer stem cells (CSCs)

AbstractIrrespective of positive developments of cancer treatment, the mortality due to various cancers remains high and the mechanisms of cancer initiation and the development also remains mysterious. As we know that microRNAs are considered to be a short noncoding RNA molecules consisting of 21–25 nucleotides (nt) in length and they silence their target genes by inhibiting mRNA translation or degrading the mRNA molecules by binding to their 3′-untranslated (UTR) region and play a very important role in cancer biology. Recent evidences indicate that miR-21 is over expressed in cancer stem cells and plays a vital role in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion. Even though an increased expression level of miR-21 has been observed in cancer stem cells, studies related to the role of miR-21 in cancer stem cells are limited. The main aim of this mini review is to explain the potency of miR-21 in various cancer stem cells (CSCs) and as a new target for therapeutic interventions of cancer progression