392 research outputs found

    Étude de certains dĂ©terminants des incendies volontaires Ă  MontrĂ©al

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    Research into the determining factors in arson cases has traditionally focused on factors linked to the characteristics of the burned building. One of our basic hypotheses is that deliberately set fires also have an underlying economic motivation.In this case, the present study confirms the hypothesis that there appears to be an indisputable link between the unemployment rate and mortgage burdens and arson rates, regardless of the phase of the economic cycle in which the arson occurs.Moreover, the study corroborates the idea that increased surveillance is necessary in areas presenting a higher risk of fraud and having a specific socioeconomic and financial profile. A lower incidence of arson and the improvement of insurers ' ability to predict losses due to arson could lead to a significant reduction in the number of claims, and consequently, in the amount of premiums.By looking more specifically at the economic motivations influencing arson throughout the different phases of the economic cycle, this study evokes the establisment of a forecasting system that would allow insurance companies to identify the areas of Montreal that present a higher risk level for arson, thus allowing them to establish their rates in a more equitable manner

    Vers un appauvrissement managérialiste des organisations de services humains complexes ?

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    Les modes managĂ©riales se succĂšdent depuis des dĂ©cennies dans les organisations publiques de services humains complexes. Aucune ne peut revendiquer des fondements solides ou un rĂ©el succĂšs. La combinaison de fusion d’établissements, d’intĂ©gration rĂ©gionale et de gestion axĂ©e sur les rĂ©sultats fonde les derniĂšres rĂ©formes en date dans le secteur de la santĂ© et des services sociaux. Il s’agit d’une mode managĂ©riale sans fondement sĂ©rieux au regard des sciences de l’organisation et qui pousse l’ensemble du systĂšme vers le modĂšle de la grande entreprise divisionnalisĂ©e. Sous l’effet de ce modĂšle, nos organisations risquent de devenir toujours plus grosses, plus formelles, plus abstraites, plus impersonnelles, plus superficielles, vides d’engagements et de jugements Ă©clairĂ©s.In the past decades, there has been a steady stream of managerial models in complex human services organizations. None can claim solid foundations or real success. The combination of institutional mergers, regional integration and results-based management underlies the latest reforms in the health and social services sector. This is a managerial model without serious foundation in organizational science and it pushes the whole system toward the model of the divisionalized large-scale organization. Under this model, our organizations risk becoming ever larger, more formal, more abstract, more impersonal and more superficial, void of commitment and informed judgment

    G-CSF protects motoneurons against axotomy-induced apoptotic death in neonatal mice

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a growth factor essential for generation of neutrophilic granulocytes. Apart from this hematopoietic function, we have recently uncovered potent neuroprotective and regenerative properties of G-CSF in the central nervous system (CNS). The G-CSF receptor and G-CSF itself are expressed in α motoneurons, G-CSF protects motoneurons, and improves outcome in the SOD1(G93A) transgenic mouse model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In vitro, G-CSF acts anti-apoptotically on motoneuronal cells. Due to the pleiotrophic effects of G-CSF and the complexity of the SOD1 transgenic ALS models it was however not possible to clearly distinguish between directly mediated anti-apoptotic and indirectly protective effects on motoneurons. Here we studied whether G-CSF is able to protect motoneurons from purely apoptotic cell death induced by a monocausal paradigm, neonatal sciatic nerve axotomy.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We performed sciatic nerve axotomy in neonatal mice overexpressing G-CSF in the CNS and found that G-CSF transgenic mice displayed significantly higher numbers of surviving lumbar motoneurons 4 days following axotomy than their littermate controls. Also, surviving motoneurons in G-CSF overexpressing animals were larger, suggesting additional trophic effects of this growth factor.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>In this model of pure apoptotic cell death the protective effects of G-CSF indicate direct actions of G-CSF on motoneurons in vivo. This shows that G-CSF exerts potent anti-apoptotic activities towards motoneurons in vivo and suggests that the protection offered by G-CSF in ALS mouse models is due to its direct neuroprotective activity.</p

    La vitrification en une seule Ă©tape d’embryons murins dĂ©finit de nouveaux standards de cryoprĂ©servation

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    La cryoprĂ©servation d’embryons est un des outils les plus efficaces, Ă©conomiques et utiles au niveau Ă©thique pour prĂ©server indĂ©finiment la gĂ©nĂ©tique des animaux de laboratoire. Les bĂ©nĂ©fices liĂ©s Ă  son utilisation sont nombreux, et incluent la rĂ©duction des coĂ»ts associĂ©s Ă  la pĂ©rennisation de lignĂ©es, la limitation de l’apparition et de la dissĂ©mination de mutations non voulues, la facilitĂ© et la sĂ©curitĂ© pour les transferts internationaux, et la rĂ©duction du nombre d’animaux Ă  Ă©lever en captivitĂ©. La vitrification a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©montrĂ©e comme Ă©tant plus efficace que la congĂ©lation lente en procrĂ©ation mĂ©dicalement assistĂ©e humaine, oĂč elle constitue maintenant la mĂ©thode de rĂ©fĂ©rence. Il en va de mĂȘme pour la cryoprĂ©servation des embryons de souris, oĂč la vitrification prĂ©serve mieux l’intĂ©gritĂ© de la chromatine, rĂ©duit la pĂ©nĂ©tration intracytoplasmique d’agents cryoprotecteurs potentiellement toxiques, et in fine permet une meilleure survie et un meilleur dĂ©veloppement aprĂšs rĂ©chauffement que la congĂ©lation lente. Cependant, pour ĂȘtre efficaces, les mĂ©thodes actuelles de vitrification nĂ©cessitent plusieurs Ă©tapes d’exposition des embryons Ă  des solutions spĂ©cifiques avant le refroidissement, mais aussi au cours de leur rĂ©chauffement ultĂ©rieur. Cette relative complexitĂ© peut s’avĂ©rer difficile Ă  gĂ©rer de maniĂšre optimale quand un grand nombre d’embryons doivent ĂȘtre traitĂ©s au cours d’une mĂȘme session. Nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© et brevetĂ© une technologie de vitrification d’embryons en une Ă©tape (« one-step ») qui est aussi efficace que les meilleures mĂ©thodes de vitrification multi-Ă©tapes. De plus, nos milieux sont chimiquement dĂ©finis (sans sĂ©rum ou autre composant biologique non dĂ©fini), et des supports permettant la vitrification aseptique peuvent ĂȘtre utilisĂ©s sans perte de rendement. Notre technologie de vitrification one-step d’embryons de rongeurs rĂ©pond ainsi aux problĂšmes d’ergonomie liĂ©s aux mĂ©thodes classiques de vitrification, et fournit ainsi aux scientifiques une solution efficace, biologiquement sĂ»re et facile Ă  utiliser pour la cryoprĂ©servation d’embryons de rongeurs. Elle rend ainsi l’efficacitĂ© de la vitrification plus aisĂ©ment applicable aux rongeurs de laboratoire, contribuant ainsi Ă  la rĂ©duction du nombre d’animaux nĂ©cessaires Ă  la pĂ©rennisation et Ă  la diffusion de lignĂ©es ou de colonies utiles.Vitricell: dĂ©veloppement et valorisation de kits de vitrification de cellules en conditions aseptiques et chimiquement dĂ©finie

    A plural role for lipids in motor neuron diseases: energy, signaling and structure

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    Motor neuron diseases (MNDs) are characterized by selective death of motor neurons and include mainly adult-onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Neurodegeneration is not the single pathogenic event occurring during disease progression. There are multiple lines of evidence for the existence of defects in lipid metabolism at peripheral level. For instance, hypermetabolism is well characterized in ALS, and dyslipidemia correlates with better prognosis in patients. Lipid metabolism plays also a role in other MNDs. In SMA, misuse of lipids as energetic nutrients is described in patients and in related animal models. The composition of structural lipids in the central nervous system is modified, with repercussion on membrane fluidity and on cell signaling mediated by bioactive lipids. Here, we review the main epidemiologic and mechanistic findings that link alterations of lipid metabolism and motor neuron degeneration, and we discuss the rationale of targeting these modifications for therapeutic management of MNDs

    Universal dephasing in a chiral 1D interacting fermion system

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    We consider dephasing by interactions in a one-dimensional chiral fermion system (e.g. a Quantum Hall edge state). For finite-range interactions, we calculate the spatial decay of the Green's function at fixed energy, which sets the contrast in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Using a physically transparent semiclassical ansatz, we find a power-law decay of the coherence at high energies and zero temperature (T=0), with a universal asymptotic exponent of 1, independent of the interaction strength. We obtain the dephasing rate at T>0 and the fluctuation spectrum acting on an electron.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures; minor changes, version as published
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