Phylogenetics of Datureae (Solanaceae), including description of the new genus Trompettia and re-circumscription of the tribe

Datureae G. Don is a tribe in the Solanaceae known for its charismatic large-flowered species (jimsonweeds and angel trumpets). The monophyly of the tribe is well established, but the recent finding that a species previously described in Iochroma (also Solanaceae) belongs in Datureae calls for a reassessment of the tribe&rsquo;s circumscription. Here we estimated the phylogeny of Datureae, including of all of its 18 species, using three nuclear regions, and incorporated fossil information to estimate divergence times. Based on this phylogeny, we reconstructed the evolution of key aspects of reproductive morphology and life history to identify diagnostic features. Our molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest that the diversification of Datureae began roughly ca. 35 Ma, around the beginning of the Andean uplift. Within the tribe, Datura and Brugmansia are monophyletic sister taxa and the misplaced species of Iochroma is sister to the remaining species. Based on our morphological analysis, we describe the latter as a new monotypic genus Trompettia. Ancestral state reconstructions identify diagnostic features for each of the three genera and show a large suite of changes along the Datura branch, including the evolution of erect flowers, capsular fruit and annual life history. Using these features, we formally re-circumscribe Datureae to include all genera and their species and provide a taxonomic key for the tribe.</p

Historical Biogeography and the Evolution of Environmental Niche and Fruit Type in Datureae (Solanaceae)

My dissertation examines how the interplay between historical biogeographic events and environmental factors shaped species distributions and traits in the tomato family (Solanaceae). Historical biogeographic analyses were undertaken at a broad evolutionary scale level, considering the entire Solanaceae family (Chapter 1). To address environmental factors and plant traits, I then focused my work on a smaller group within Solanaceae, the tribe Datureae. Within this clade, I estimated the evolutionary relationships between its 18 extant species (Chapter 2), assessed environmental niche evolution of the different genera (Chapter 3) and evaluated changes in the plant’s morphology, specifically fruit morphology, related to dry and mesic environments (Chapter 4). My work demonstrated that South America is the ancestral area for Solanaceae, and dispersal was the principal driver of range evolution in the family. Most dispersals involved range expansions from South America into North and Central America, a trend that is likely due to the early build-up of species richness in South America, resulting in large pool of potential migrants. For Datureae, phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses point to an origin in the Andes of South America, with subsequent expansion to North America and other regions in South America. I also found that the ancestral environmental niche in the tribe is dry and that there has been a significant shift in one South American lineage towards a more mesic environment. Finally, my work showed an accumulation of morphological changes in the North American lineage of Datureae. In particular, this lineage (the genus Datura) evolved dehiscent capsular fruits from the ancestral state (berries) through a complex series of anatomical changes. Placing this work in a comparative developmental context, this work revealed the effect of ancestry on the trajectory of fruit evolution

Qualité officinale appliquée aux médicaments génériques

LILLE2-BU Santé-Recherche (593502101) / SudocSudocFranceF

From the Mediterranean to the Pacific: re-circumscription towards Notelaea s.l. and historical biogeography of a generic complex in Oleinae (Oleaceae)

International audienceTackling the complicated infrafamilial classification of the economically important Oleaceae requires a piecemeal approach that addresses generic circumscriptions. Here, focusing on the distinct clade formed by the generic complex Nestegis, Notelaea, Osmanthus, Phillyrea and Picconia in subtribe Oleinae, we aim to elucidate their boundaries and relationships and to evaluate their biogeographic history in light of their peculiar disjunct distribution in the Macaronesian, Mediterranean and Pacific regions. Based on phylogenomic data from plastid and nuclear DNA of an extensive sampling, the results show six subclades in this generic complex, which are also geographical segregates found in Australia (Notelaea), Hawaiian Islands (Nestegis sandwicensis), Macaronesia (Phillyrea and Picconia), Mediterranean region (Phillyrea), New Caledonia (Osmanthus section Notosmanthus), and New Zealand (Nestegis s.s.). Accounting for broad morphological overlaps in this clade, we recognize three genera (Phillyrea, Picconia and Notelaea s.l.), subsuming all Pacific taxa under Notelaea. Molecular dating and biogeographic analyses indicate that this clade originated in Eurasia during the Early Miocene (mean 23.2 Mya, 95% HPD: 23.8 – 14.7). Finally, dispersal (rather than continental vicariance) is probably the main explanation for the global, disjunct distribution of this group, with island-hopping and local extinction as the hallmarks of its evolutionary histor

Systematics and biogeography of Oleaceae subtribe Schreberinae, with recircumscription and revision of the Malagasy members

International audienceClarifying generic circumscriptions within Oleaceae improves its complicated infrafamilial classification. Focusing on the small and disjunctly-distrubted subtribe Schreberinae, we use phylogenomic data from plastid and nuclear DNA from an extensive sampling to assess its phylogenetic patterns and biogeographic history. Results show paraphyly among its members, with Comoranthus nested within Schrebera, leading us to synonymize these genera. Schrebera s.l. occurs in four major regions of the world, but its center of origin remains uncertain with three possible ancestral ranges identified. However, the diversification of this genus is estimated to have started in the Early Oligocene (ca. 34 Mya), and its current distribution pattern is best explained by dispersal between landmasses rather than continental vicariance. Madagascar is the center of diversity of Schrebera s.l., where ten endemic species, of which five are new, were recovered from analyses of morphological, molecular, and ecoclimatic data. Therefore, a taxonomic treatment of the species from Madagascar and the Comoro Islands is presented. As currently circumscribed, Schrebera s.l., and thus the monotypic subtribe, includes 16 species (one in South America, two in Southeast Asia, three in Africa, of which one is shared with Madagascar, and 11 in Madagascar and the Comoro Islands)

Resolving the Phylogeny of the Olive Family (Oleaceae): Confronting Information from Organellar and Nuclear Genomes

The olive family, Oleaceae, is a group of woody plants comprising 28 genera and ca. 700 species, distributed on all continents (except Antarctica) in both temperate and tropical environments. It includes several genera of major economic and ecological importance such as olives, ash trees, jasmines, forsythias, osmanthuses, privets and lilacs. The natural history of the group is not completely understood yet, but its diversification seems to be associated with polyploidisation events and the evolution of various reproductive and dispersal strategies. In addition, some taxonomical issues still need to be resolved, particularly in the paleopolyploid tribe Oleeae. Reconstructing a robust phylogenetic hypothesis is thus an important step toward a better comprehension of Oleaceae&rsquo;s diversity. Here, we reconstructed phylogenies of the olive family using 80 plastid coding sequences, 37 mitochondrial genes, the complete nuclear ribosomal cluster and a small multigene family encoding phytochromes (phyB and phyE) of 61 representative species. Tribes and subtribes were strongly supported by all phylogenetic reconstructions, while a few Oleeae genera are still polyphyletic (Chionanthus, Olea, Osmanthus, Nestegis) or paraphyletic (Schrebera, Syringa). Some phylogenetic relationships among tribes remain poorly resolved with conflicts between topologies reconstructed from different genomic regions. The use of nuclear data remains an important challenge especially in a group with ploidy changes (both paleo- and neo-polyploids). This work provides new genomic datasets that will assist the study of the biogeography and taxonomy of the whole Oleaceae

Resolving the Phylogeny of the Olive Family (Oleaceae): Confronting Information from Organellar and Nuclear Genomes

The olive family, Oleaceae, is a group of woody plants comprising 28 genera and ca. 700 species, distributed on all continents (except Antarctica) in both temperate and tropical environments. It includes several genera of major economic and ecological importance such as olives, ash trees, jasmines, forsythias, osmanthuses, privets and lilacs. The natural history of the group is not completely understood yet, but its diversification seems to be associated with polyploidisation events and the evolution of various reproductive and dispersal strategies. In addition, some taxonomical issues still need to be resolved, particularly in the paleopolyploid tribe Oleeae. Reconstructing a robust phylogenetic hypothesis is thus an important step toward a better comprehension of Oleaceae’s diversity. Here, we reconstructed phylogenies of the olive family using 80 plastid coding sequences, 37 mitochondrial genes, the complete nuclear ribosomal cluster and a small multigene family encoding phytochromes (phyB and phyE) of 61 representative species. Tribes and subtribes were strongly supported by all phylogenetic reconstructions, while a few Oleeae genera are still polyphyletic (Chionanthus, Olea, Osmanthus, Nestegis) or paraphyletic (Schrebera, Syringa). Some phylogenetic relationships among tribes remain poorly resolved with conflicts between topologies reconstructed from different genomic regions. The use of nuclear data remains an important challenge especially in a group with ploidy changes (both paleo- and neo-polyploids). This work provides new genomic datasets that will assist the study of the biogeography and taxonomy of the whole Oleaceae

Bayesian estimation of the global biogeographical history of the Solanaceae

Aim The tomato family Solanaceae is distributed on all major continents except Antarctica and has its centre of diversity in South America. Its worldwide distribution suggests multiple long-distance dispersals within and between the New and Old Worlds. Here, we apply maximum likelihood (ML) methods and newly developed biogeographical stochastic mapping (BSM) to infer the ancestral range of the family and to estimate the frequency of dispersal and vicariance events resulting in its present-day distribution. Location Worldwide. Methods Building on a recently inferred megaphylogeny of Solanaceae, we conducted ML model fitting of a range of biogeographical models with the program ‘BioGeoBEARS’. We used the parameters from the best fitting model to estimate ancestral range probabilities and conduct stochastic mapping, from which we estimated the number and type of biogeographical events. Results Our best model supported South America as the ancestral area for the Solanaceae and its major clades. The BSM analyses showed that dispersal events, particularly range expansions, are the principal mode by which members of the family have spread beyond South America. Main conclusions For Solanaceae, South America is not only the family's current centre of diversity but also its ancestral range, and dispersal was the principal driver of range evolution. The most common dispersal patterns involved range expansions from South America into North and Central America, while dispersal in the reverse direction was less common. This directionality may be due to the early build-up of species richness in South America, resulting in large pool of potential migrants. These results demonstrate the utility of BSM not only for estimating ancestral ranges but also in inferring the frequency, direction and timing of biogeographical events in a statistically rigorous framework.This work was supported by the National Science Foundation grants to S.D.S. (NSF DEB-1413855), S.K. and L.B. (NSF DEB-0316614), and R.G.O. (NSF DEB-1020369). The authors acknowledge the Research Computing high-performance facilities at the University of Colorado Boulder for providing computational assistance. The Solanaceae phylogeny we used was done with support of NSF-DEB-0316614 to L.B. and S.K. N.J.M and ‘BioGeoBEARS’ were supported by NSF DEB-0919124, the National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis sponsored by NSF Award EFJ0832858, with additional support from the University o

Edited Solanaceae tree

We used the time-calibrated maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree from Särkinen et al. (2013), and we pruned (1) taxa that are widely cultivated and whose native distributions have been obscured by extensive human transport, and (2) taxa that were duplicated in the phylogeny. We also updated species names according to the most recent literature