The airglow layer emission altitude cannot be determined unambiguously from temperature comparison with lidars

I investigate the nightly mean emission height and width of the OH*(3-1) layer by comparing nightly mean temperatures measured by the ground-based spectrometer GRIPS 9 and the Na lidar at ALOMAR. The data set contains 42 coincident measurements between November 2010 and February 2014, when GRIPS 9 was in operation at the ALOMAR observatory (69.3$^\circ$N, 16.0$^\circ$E) in northern Norway. To closely resemble the mean temperature measured by GRIPS 9, I weight each nightly mean temperature profile measured by the lidar using Gaussian distributions with 40 different centre altitudes and 40 different full widths at half maximum. In principle, one can thus determine the altitude and width of an airglow layer by finding the minimum temperature difference between the two instruments. On most nights, several combinations of centre altitude and width yield a temperature difference of $\pm$2 K. The generally assumed altitude of 87 km and width of 8 km is never an unambiguous, good solution for any of the measurements. Even for a fixed width of $\sim$8.4 km, one can sometimes find several centre altitudes that yield equally good temperature agreement. Weighted temperatures measured by lidar are not suitable to determine unambiguously the emission height and width of an airglow layer. However, when actual altitude and width data are lacking, a comparison with lidars can provide an estimate of how representative a measured rotational temperature is of an assumed altitude and width. I found the rotational temperature to represent the temperature at the commonly assumed altitude of 87.4 km and width of 8.4 km to within $\pm$16 K, on average. This is not a measurement uncertainty.Comment: Version published in Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14 May 201

System description and operating guide for DSAS illumination and moon conflict programs

The DSAS Illumination and Moon Conflict programs are described which during an orbit when the DSAS (Digital Solar Aspect Sensor) will record the direct rays of the sun, and the periods of time when the horizon scanners will come in conflict with the moon. The DSAS Illumination Program makes use of an orbit tape (or epoch time and orbital elements) in addition to an ephemeris tape containing positions of the sun and moon. The Moon Conflict Program makes use of the same ephemeris tape with sun and moon positions, but uses only epoch time and orbital elements for the satellite positions. These programs were designed for the TIROS or ITOS series spacecraft but may be utilized by any spacecraft with similar sensors

Prediction of Intrinsic Disorder in MERS-CoV/HCoV-EMC Supports a High Oral-Fecal Transmission

A novel coronavirus, MERS-CoV (NCoV, HCoV-EMC/2012), originating from the Middle-East, has been discovered. Incoming data reveal that the virus is highly virulent to humans. A model that categorizes coronaviuses according to the hardness of their shells was developed before the discovery of MERS-CoV. Using protein intrinsic disorder prediction, coronaviruses were categorized into three groups that can be linked to the levels of oral-fecal and respiratory transmission regardless of genetic proximity. Using this model, MERS-CoV is placed into disorder group C, which consists of coronaviruses that have relatively hard inner and outer shells. The members of this group are likely to persist in the environment for a longer period of time and possess the highest oral-fecal components but relatively low respiratory transmission components. Oral-urine and saliva transmission are also highly possible since both require harder protective shells. Results show that disorder prediction can be used as a tool that suggests clues to look for in further epidemiological investigations

Der "preßhafte Autor" : Biedermeier als Verfahren in E.T.A. Hoffmanns späten Almanach-Erzählungen

Die Wertschätzung von E.T.A. Hoffmanns Erzählungen, die sich in den letzten Jahren als Spielwiese für mannigfaltige texttheoretische und verwandte Ansätze erwiesen haben, erstreckt sich nach wie vor nicht auf die sogenannten "späten Almanach-Erzählungen". Die im 19. und weiten Teilen des 20. Jahrhunderts vorherrschende Verurteilung von Hoffmanns Werk als effekthaschend und unausgewogen ist für diesen, nicht wie die meisten anderen Erzählungen Hoffmanns in einem Sammelband zusammengefaßten Werkteil bis heute nur in Ansätzen revidiert worden. Diese "moralisch-ästhetischen Ansichten" finden sich in nur leicht modifizierter Form z.B. noch 1988 in Stefan Diebitz Untersuchung der 1822 aus dem Nachlaß veröffentlichen Erzählung "Datura fastuosa", wenn als Kategorie der Abwertung die negative Antwort auf die Frage nach der "Vernünftigkeit des Vorsatzes" gesetzt wird, als hätte nicht gerade das Werk Hoffmanns eine solche Bestimmung bis ins Mark erschüttert. Die Erzählung ist "insgesamt als mißlungen anzusehen", weil Diebitz einen Bruch konstatiert zwischen dem von ihm für die ersten drei Kapitel konstruierten "Vorsatz, die Problematik einer ins Spießige verirrten Existenz" darzustellen und dem letzten Teil des Textes, in dem Hoffmann nach Diebitz "eine zweite und durchaus triviale Geschichte beginnen" läßt

An Emerging Hispanic Serving Institution Looks Toward the Future: A Case Study on a Collaborative, Community-Based Systemic Change Effort at an Urban Land-Grant College

Many higher education organizations face the issue of structural isolation (Ruben, 2004) based on a lack of integration and functional coordination between faculty, staff, and students. Community-based research (CBR) offers higher education a more collaborative, wider reaching avenue of organizing a variety of stakeholders around social change. The CBR model is an atypical change model due to its interdisciplinary, participatory, and collaborative structure that values multiple sources of knowledge and focuses on social justice action. As opposed to serving as the \u27experts\u27 who were performing research on a community of people, academics and community members who utilize CBR focus on the importance of co-learning, capacity building, findings to benefit all partners, and a long-term commitment to reduce social disparities. Taken in the context of higher education, CBR allows students, faculty, staff, and other stakeholders to work together as partners around areas that involve social justice issues. This dissertation highlights an instrumental case study that took place between 2006-2012 involving an Emerging Hispanic Serving Institution and its effort to use principles similar to those found in CBR around organizational change. Themes that were identified in the study include cynicism/fear, sustainability, participatory action, commitment to social justice, transparency, and interdisciplinary spirit