Motion of rotatory molecular motor and chemical reaction rate

We examine the dependence of the physical quantities of the rotatory molecular motor, such as the rotation velocity and the proton translocation rate, on the chemical reaction rate using the model based only on diffusion process. A peculiar behavior of proton translocation is found and the energy transduction efficiency of the motor protein is enhanced by this behavior. We give a natural explanation that this behavior is universal when certain inequalities between chemical reaction rates hold. That may give a clue to examine whether the motion of the molecular motor is dominated by diffusion process or not.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figure

Vacuum Tunneling and Periodic Structure in Lattice Higgs Models

Using a geometric definition for the lattice Chern-Simons term in even dimensions, we have studied the distribution of Chern-Simons numbers for the 2d-U(1) and the 4d-SU(2) lattice Higgs models. The periodic structure of the distributions is preserved in our lattice formulation and has been examined in detail. In both cases the finite size effects visible in the distribution of Chern-Simons numbers are well accounted for by the Haar measure. Moreover, we find that $\langle N_{CS}^2 \rangle$ grows with the spatial volume. We also find numerical evidence that tunneling in 4d is increased at high temperature. (PS-File including Figures available via E-mail: [email protected])Comment: 25 pages, 5 figures, LaTeX (+ PicLaTeX) file, HLRZ-93-08 and BI-TP 93/0

Direct and indirect contacts between cattle farms in north-west England

Little is known regarding the types and frequencies of contact that exist between farms and which of these may act as pathogen transmission routes; however it is likely that farms demonstrate considerable heterogeneity in such contacts. In this cross-sectional study, we explored the direct and indirect contact types and frequencies that exist between cattle farms within a region, focusing on potential routes of pathogen transmission. The owners/managers of 56 farms located in a 10 km by 10 km study area in north-west England were administered an interview-based questionnaire between June and September 2005. Information was obtained relating to contact types and frequencies, including those involving animal movements, equipment sharing between farms and any contractors or companies visiting the farms. The data was explored using hierarchical cluster analysis and network analysis. There was considerable variation between farms arising from different contact types. Some networks exhibited great connectivity, incorporating approximately 90% of the farms interviewed in a single component, whilst other networks were more fragmented, with multiple small components (sets of connected farms not linked with other farms). A range of factors influencing contact between farms were identified. For example, contiguous farms were more likely to be linked via other contacts, such as sharing of equipment and direct farm-to-farm animal movements (p < 0.001 and p = 0.02, respectively). The frequency of contacts was also investigated; it is likely that the amount of contact a farm receives from a company or contractor and whether or not biosecurity is performed after contact would impact on disease transmission potential. We found considerable heterogeneity in contact frequency and that many company and contractor personnel undertook little biosecurity. These findings lead to greater understanding of inter-farm contact and may aid development of appropriate biosecurity practices and control procedures, and inform mathematical modelling of infectious diseases

Supersymmetric Relations Among Electromagnetic Dipole Operators

Supersymmetric contributions to all leptonic electromagnetic dipole operators have essentially identical diagramatic structure. With approximate slepton universality this allows the muon anomalous magnetic moment to be related to the electron electric dipole moment in terms of supersymmetric phases, and to radiative flavor changing lepton decays in terms of small violations of slepton universality. If the current discrepancy between the measured and Standard Model values of the muon anomalous magnetic moment is due to supersymmetry, the current bound on the electron electric dipole moment then implies that the phase of the electric dipole operator is less than $2 \times 10^{-3}$. Likewise the current bound on $\mu \to e \gamma$ decay implies that the fractional selectron-smuon mixing in the left-left mass squared matrix, \delta m_{\smuon \selectron}^2 / m_{\slepton}^2, is less than $10^{-4}$. These relations and constraints are fairly insensitive to details of the superpartner spectrum for moderate to large $\tan \beta$.Comment: Latex, 38 pages, 2 figure

Homogenized dynamics of stochastic partial differential equations with dynamical boundary conditions

A microscopic heterogeneous system under random influence is considered. The randomness enters the system at physical boundary of small scale obstacles as well as at the interior of the physical medium. This system is modeled by a stochastic partial differential equation defined on a domain perforated with small holes (obstacles or heterogeneities), together with random dynamical boundary conditions on the boundaries of these small holes. A homogenized macroscopic model for this microscopic heterogeneous stochastic system is derived. This homogenized effective model is a new stochastic partial differential equation defined on a unified domain without small holes, with static boundary condition only. In fact, the random dynamical boundary conditions are homogenized out, but the impact of random forces on the small holes' boundaries is quantified as an extra stochastic term in the homogenized stochastic partial differential equation. Moreover, the validity of the homogenized model is justified by showing that the solutions of the microscopic model converge to those of the effective macroscopic model in probability distribution, as the size of small holes diminishes to zero.Comment: Communications in Mathematical Physics, to appear, 200

Muon anomalous magnetic moment, lepton flavor violation, and flavor changing neutral current processes in SUSY GUT with right-handed neutrino

Motivated by the large mixing angle solutions for the atmospheric and solar neutrino anomalies, flavor changing neutral current processes and lepton flavor violating processes as well as the muon anomalous magnetic moment are analyzed in the framework of SU(5) SUSY GUT with right-handed neutrino. In order to explain realistic mass relations for quarks and leptons, we take into account effects of higher dimensional operators above the GUT scale. It is shown that the supersymmetric (SUSY) contributions to the CP violation parameter in $K^0-\bar{K}^0$ mixing, $\epsilon_K$, the $\mu \to e \gamma$ branching ratio, and the muon anomalous magnetic moment become large in a wide range of parameter space. We also investigate correlations among these quantities. Within the current experimental bound of $\text{B}(\mu \to e \gamma)$, large SUSY contributions are possible either in the muon anomalous magnetic moment or in $\epsilon_K$. In the former case, the favorable value of the recent muon anomalous magnetic moment measurement at the BNL E821 experiment can be accommodated. In the latter case, the allowed region of the Kobayashi-Maskawa phase can be different from the prediction within the Standard Model (SM) and therefore the measurements of the CP asymmetry of $B\to J/\psi K_S$ mode and $\Delta m_{B_s}$ could discriminate this case from the SM. We also show that the $\tau \to \mu \gamma$ branching ratio can be close to the current experimental upperbound and the mixing induced CP asymmetry of the radiative B decay can be enhanced in the case where the neutrino parameters correspond to the Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein small mixing angle solution.Comment: 70 pages, 14 figure

Immunocontraceptive efficacy of native porcine Zona pellucida (pZP) treatment of Nevada’s Virginia range free-roaming horse population

In North America, range constraints due to burgeoning development increasingly encroach on wild horse habitat and necessitate effective but humane reproductive management. The largest free-roaming wild horse fertility control program by population (>3500) and territory size (≈300,000 acres) is located within Nevada’s Virginia Range. Data from a field study investigated porcine zona pellucida (pZP) immunocontraception via remote dart delivery to mares in this population. Analyses aimed to measure efficacy by treatment effects on annual birth rates and population demographics and to evaluate treatment frequency and season against these variables. Analyses included mares’ monthly data (January 2019–December 2022; 48 months), characterized by cumulative vaccination numbers subset into four classifications considering the vaccine as having no loss of efficacy or a loss within a 6-, 12-, and 18-month period post vaccination; from foaling data, the likelihood of being in foal and of conceiving in that month; and from age, as mature or immature (<1 years-old). A downward foaling rate and trend in the numbers of mature mares, descriptively presented at monthly intervals, showed markedly declining annual seasonal breeding peaks, with no observed change in foaling season or duration. Within four years, population coverage surpassed 70% and was associated with a 58% reduction in foaling, with only a 10% conception rate. Vaccinated mares increased proportionally: assuming a 12-month decay rate, the system reached stability at an average ≈1.0 vaccination/mare/year, providing a robust recommendation for treatment frequency contributing to best management practices.https://www.mdpi.com/journal/vaccinesam2024Veterinary Tropical DiseasesSDG-15:Life on lan

Genome-wide Association Studies in Ancestrally Diverse Populations: Opportunities, Methods, Pitfalls, and Recommendations

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have focused primarily on populations of European descent, but it is essential that diverse populations become better represented. Increasing diversity among study participants will advance our understanding of genetic architecture in all populations and ensure that genetic research is broadly applicable. To facilitate and promote research in multi-ancestry and admixed cohorts, we outline key methodological considerations and highlight opportunities, challenges, solutions, and areas in need of development. Despite the perception that analyzing genetic data from diverse populations is difficult, it is scientifically and ethically imperative, and there is an expanding analytical toolbox to do it well. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.; With increasing representation of global populations in genetic studies, there is an opportunity for advanced methods development and a need for consensus “best practices” for analyzing datasets. We provide background on the scientific and ethical importance of including underrepresented groups in genetics research and offer guidance for genome-wide analysis of ancestrally diverse study cohorts