815 research outputs found
Localized moving breathers in a 2-D hexagonal lattice
We show for the first time that highly localized in-plane breathers can
propagate in specific directions with minimal lateral spreading in a model 2-D
hexagonal non-linear lattice. The lattice is subject to an on-site potential in
addition to longitudinal nonlinear inter-particle interactions. This study
investigates the prediction that stable breather-like solitons could be formed
as a result of energetic scattering events in a given layered crystal and would
propagate in atomic-chain directions in certain atomic planes. This prediction
arose from a long-term study of previously unexplained dark lines in natural
crystals of muscovite mica.Comment: 6 pages, 2 Figs. Submitted to PR
Simple approach to the mesoscopic open electron resonator: Quantum current oscillations
The open electron resonator, described by Duncan et.al, is a mesoscopic
device that has attracted considerable attention due to its remarkable
behaviour (conductance oscillations), which has been explained by detailed
theories based on the behaviour of electrons at the top of the Fermi sea. In
this work, we study the resonator using the simple quantum quantum electrical
circuit approach, developed recently by Li and Chen. With this approach, and
considering a very simple capacitor-like model of the system, we are able to
theoretically reproduce the observed conductance oscillations. A very
remarkable feature of the simple theory developed here is the fact that the
predictions depend mostly on very general facts, namely, the discrete nature of
electric charge and quantum mechanics; other detailed features of the systems
described enter as parameters of the system, such as capacities and
inductances
Non-perturbative Heavy Quark Effective Theory
We explain how to perform non-perturbative computations in HQET on the
lattice. In particular the problem of the subtraction of power-law divergences
is solved by a non-perturbative matching of HQET and QCD. As examples, we
present a full calculation of the mass of the b-quark in the combined static
and quenched approximation and outline an alternative way to obtain the B-meson
decay constant at lowest order. Since no excessively large lattices are
required, our strategy can also be applied including dynamical fermions.Comment: 27 pages including figures and tables, latex2e; version published in
JHEP, typos corrected and 1 reference adde
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The identity of crop pollinators helps target conservation for improved ecosystem services
Insect pollinated mass flowering crops are becoming more widespread and there is a need to understand which insects are primarily responsible for the pollination of these crops so conservation measures can be appropriately targeted in the face of pollinator declines. This study used field surveys in conjunction with cage manipulations to identify the relative contributions of different pollinator taxa to the pollination of two widespread flowering crops, field beans and oilseed rape. Flower visiting pollinator communities observed in the field were distinct for each crop; while field beans were visited primarily by a few bumblebee species, multiple pollinator taxa visited oilseed, and the composition of this pollinator community was highly variable spatially and temporally. Neither pollinator community, however, appears to be meeting the demands of crops in our study regions. Cage manipulations showed that multiple taxa can effectively pollinate both oilseed and field beans, but bumblebees are particularly effective bean pollinators. Combining field observations and cage manipulations demonstrated that the pollination demands of these two mass flowering crops are highly contrasting, one would benefit from management to increase the abundance of some key taxa, whilst for the other, boosting overall pollinator abundance and diversity would be more appropriate. Our findings highlight the need for crop specific mitigation strategies that are targeted at conserving specific pollinator taxa (or group of taxa) that are both active and capable of crop pollination in order to reduce pollination deficits and meet the demands of future crop production
Factorizing the hard and soft spectator scattering contributions for the nucleon form factor F_1 at large Q^2
We investigate the soft spectator scattering contribution for the FF .
We focus our attention on factorization of the hard-collinear scale corresponding to transition from SCET-I to SCET-II. We compute the
leading order jet functions and find that the convolution integrals over the
soft fractions are logarithmically divergent. This divergency is the
consequence of the boost invariance and does not depend on the model of the
soft correlation function describing the soft spectator quarks. Using as
example a two-loop diagram we demonstrated that such a divergency corresponds
to the overlap of the soft and collinear regions. As a result one obtains large
rapidity logarithm which must be included in the correct factorization
formalism. We conclude that a consistent description of the factorization for
implies the end-point collinear divergencies in the hard and soft
spectator contributions, i.e. convolution integrals with respect to collinear
fractions are not well-defined. Such scenario can only be realized when the
twist-3 nucleon distribution amplitude has specific end-point behavior which
differs from one expected from the evolution of the nucleon distribution
amplitude. Such behavior leads to the violation of the collinear factorization
for the hard spectator scattering contribution. We suggest that the soft
spectator scattering and chiral symmetry breaking provide the mechanism
responsible for the violation of collinear factorization in case of form factor
.Comment: 25 pages, 6 figures, text is improved, few typos corrected, one
figure added, statement about end-point behavior of the nucleon DA is
formulated more accuratel
Causal categories: relativistically interacting processes
A symmetric monoidal category naturally arises as the mathematical structure
that organizes physical systems, processes, and composition thereof, both
sequentially and in parallel. This structure admits a purely graphical
calculus. This paper is concerned with the encoding of a fixed causal structure
within a symmetric monoidal category: causal dependencies will correspond to
topological connectedness in the graphical language. We show that correlations,
either classical or quantum, force terminality of the tensor unit. We also show
that well-definedness of the concept of a global state forces the monoidal
product to be only partially defined, which in turn results in a relativistic
covariance theorem. Except for these assumptions, at no stage do we assume
anything more than purely compositional symmetric-monoidal categorical
structure. We cast these two structural results in terms of a mathematical
entity, which we call a `causal category'. We provide methods of constructing
causal categories, and we study the consequences of these methods for the
general framework of categorical quantum mechanics.Comment: 43 pages, lots of figure
The Kentucky Noisy Monte Carlo Algorithm for Wilson Dynamical Fermions
We develop an implementation for a recently proposed Noisy Monte Carlo
approach to the simulation of lattice QCD with dynamical fermions by
incorporating the full fermion determinant directly. Our algorithm uses a
quenched gauge field update with a shifted gauge coupling to minimize
fluctuations in the trace log of the Wilson Dirac matrix. The details of tuning
the gauge coupling shift as well as results for the distribution of noisy
estimators in our implementation are given. We present data for some basic
observables from the noisy method, as well as acceptance rate information and
discuss potential autocorrelation and sign violation effects. Both the results
and the efficiency of the algorithm are compared against those of Hybrid Monte
Carlo.
PACS Numbers: 12.38.Gc, 11.15.Ha, 02.70.Uu Keywords: Noisy Monte Carlo,
Lattice QCD, Determinant, Finite Density, QCDSPComment: 30 pages, 6 figure
Higher Order Evaluation of the Critical Temperature for Interacting Homogeneous Dilute Bose Gases
We use the nonperturbative linear \delta expansion method to evaluate
analytically the coefficients c_1 and c_2^{\prime \prime} which appear in the
expansion for the transition temperature for a dilute, homogeneous, three
dimensional Bose gas given by T_c= T_0 \{1 + c_1 a n^{1/3} + [ c_2^{\prime}
\ln(a n^{1/3}) +c_2^{\prime \prime} ] a^2 n^{2/3} + {\cal O} (a^3 n)\}, where
T_0 is the result for an ideal gas, a is the s-wave scattering length and n is
the number density. In a previous work the same method has been used to
evaluate c_1 to order-\delta^2 with the result c_1= 3.06. Here, we push the
calculation to the next two orders obtaining c_1=2.45 at order-\delta^3 and
c_1=1.48 at order-\delta^4. Analysing the topology of the graphs involved we
discuss how our results relate to other nonperturbative analytical methods such
as the self-consistent resummation and the 1/N approximations. At the same
orders we obtain c_2^{\prime\prime}=101.4, c_2^{\prime \prime}=98.2 and
c_2^{\prime \prime}=82.9. Our analytical results seem to support the recent
Monte Carlo estimates c_1=1.32 \pm 0.02 and c_2^{\prime \prime}= 75.7 \pm 0.4.Comment: 29 pages, 3 eps figures. Minor changes, one reference added. Version
in press Physical Review A (2002
Pulsar kicks from a dark-matter sterile neutrino
We show that a sterile neutrino with mass in the 1-20 keV range and a small
mixing with the electron neutrino can simultaneously explain the origin of the
pulsar motions and the dark matter in the universe. An asymmetric neutrino
emission from a hot nascent neutron star can be the explanation of the observed
pulsar velocities. In addition to the pulsar kick mechanism based on resonant
neutrino transitions, we point out a new possibility: an asymmetric
off-resonant emission of sterile neutrinos. The two cases correspond to
different values of the masses and mixing angles. In both cases we identify the
ranges of parameters consistent with the pulsar kick, as well as cosmological
constraints.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures; final version; discussion and references adde
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