Comunicación política y poder político en la Edad Media: un viaje conceptual

El concepto de comunicación es tan amplio que finalmente podría abarcar casi toda la actividad humana. La comunicación es un rasgo esencial de todas las formas de vida social y todas las acciones sociales poseen necesariamente aspectos comunicativos. La "comunicación política" se define aquí como las formas de comunicación que tratan cuestiones publicas en el marco de relaciones desiguales de poder. Después de la segunda guerra mundial la comunicación se convirtió en un tema de investigación cada vez más popular y, después de los setenta, ha influido también en los estudios medievales. Este artículo revisa una serie de conceptos claves usados por los medievalistas que estudian la comunicación política y el modo en que los aplican.The concept of communication is such a broad one that in the end it might encompass almost every human activity in the course of history. Communication is an essential feature of all forms of social life and all social actions necessarily have communicative aspects. "Political communication" refers to forms of communication dealing with public matters under unequal power relations. After World War Il, communication became an ever more popular subject of research, and since the 1970s it has also influenced medieval studies. This article surveys a number of key concepts used by medievalists who study political communication and the way in which these notions are applied

Political poems and subversive songs: the circulation of 'public poetry' in the Later Medieval Low Countries

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Studying rulers and states across fifteenth century Western Eurasia

This second chapter presents a theoretical contextualization of the volume’s specific case studies, and of the generalizing historical presentation in chapter one. This chapter reconstructs the modern study of 15th-century rulers and states in each of Muslim West-Asia’s dynastic research traditions. This is pitched against a wider background of state studies, describing the entanglements and particularities of those West-Asian research traditions as well as trends in the modern historiography of the Latin Far West. In general, the chapter offers a more explicit understanding of how studying the 15th-century state has happened in diverging ways, not just for the Latin West and Muslim West-Asia in general, but also for many of the different dynastic and proto-nationalist constituents of each. It argues at the same time that that divergence also harbors within itself many opportunities for an enriching exchange of ideas, given that searching for shared conceptual tools is not just about identifying parallels and connections, but rather more about comprehending divergence from a shared model. The chapter ends by suggesting that such a model may well be found in a very practical approach and may be usefully constructed around the returning suggestions that states do not make history, but history makes states, as and when successful social practices of exclusion, integration, reproduction, and appropriation start appearing, and presenting themselves, as pertaining to a coherent apparatus of coercion, distinction, differentiation and hegemony, or to the central state

Generation and in vivo characterization of a chimeric αvβ5-targeting antibody 14C5 and its derivatives

Background: Previous studies showed that radiolabeled murine monoclonal antibody (mAb) 14C5 and its Fab and F(ab')2 fragments, targeting αvβ5 integrin, have promising properties for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in cancer. To diminish the risk of generating a human anti-mouse antibody response in patients, chimeric variants were created. The purpose of this study was to recombinantly produce chimeric antibody (chAb) derivatives of the murine mAb 14C5 and to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo characteristics. Methods: In vitro stability, specificity, and affinity of radioiodinated chAb and fragments (Iodo-Gen method) were examined on high-expressing αvβ5 A549 lung tumor cells. In vivo biodistribution and pharmacokinetic characteristics were studied in A549 lung tumor-bearing Swiss Nu/Nu mice. Results: Saturation binding experiments revealed high in vitro affinity of radioiodinated chAb, F(ab')2, and Fab, with dissociation constants (KD) of 1.19 ± 0.19, 0.68 ± 0.10, and 2.11 ± 0.58 nM, respectively. ChAb 14C5 showed highest tumor uptake (approximately 10%ID/g) at 24 h post injection, corresponding with other high-affinity Abs. ChF(ab')2 and chFab fragments showed faster clearance from the blood compared to the intact Ab. Conclusions: The chimerization of mAb 14C5 and its fragments has no or negligible effect on the properties of the antibody. In vitro and in vivo properties show that the chAb 14C5 is promising for radioimmunotherapy, due to its high maximum tumor uptake and its long retention in the tumor. The chF(ab')2 fragment shows a similar receptor affinity and a faster blood clearance, causing less non-specific retention than the chAb. Due to their fast blood clearance, the fragments show high potential for radioimmunodiagnosis