Evaluación clínica, endoscópica y citológica de las vías aéreas de equinos de tracción

Disorders of the respiratory system have a key role in reducing the athletic performance of horses, tests such as bronchoscopy that is performed with flexible endoscope, and cytological (tracheal washings) have been used as diagnostic methods in animals with symptoms of respiratory failure. In recent years its implementation has had a significant increase due to its effectiveness in the opinions, resulting in decreased treatment time and costs. In this study, samples were taken to ten horses without defined breed, aged between 7 and 15 years, from clinical large animal veterinary hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), which nine were used for pulling in the metropolitan area and one for horse racing in Porto Alegre. All animals underwent clinical examination, emphasizing airway four endoscopies were performed and ten samples of tracheal secretions were collected by washing and percutaneous aspiration. The washed cell suspension was centrifuged for extended on slides, which were stained by the method of panoptical fast (differential staining), which allows the observation of blood cells. Descriptive statistics of the variables analyzed was performed. The animals showed heart rate 39.2 ± 1.44 beats per minute (bpm), respiratory rate 19.7 ± 2.37 breaths per minute (rpm), temperature 38.25 ± 0.08°C, hematocrit 34.7 ± 1.09%, erythrocyte count 7.25 ± 0.27 x 106/ml, hemoglobin 11.34 ± 0.042 g/dl, mean corpuscular volume average 49.85 ± 0.96 fentoliters (fl), 32 corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 77 ± 0.45 g/dl, platelets 183.8 ± 10.98 x 103/ml, total plasma proteins 7.3 ± 0.13 g/dl, total leukocytes 9,880 ± 470/ml, neutrophils 5,910 ± 560/ml, eosinophils 359.2 ± 70.8/ml, lymphocytes 3,420 ± 420/ml and monocytes 339.8 ± 50.12/ml. In tracheal wash cytology were determined the percentages of epithelial cells in 42.3 ± 9.35, lymphocytes 3.3 ± 1.13, macrophages 20.1 ± 5.35, neutrophils 26.4 ± 8.37 and eosinophils 2.7 ± 1.78. Finally the results of endoscopic examination in horses were: 1) normal amount of mucus and absence of bacteria (healthy), 2) increased production of mucus and bacteria in the extracellular medium and squamous cell surface, 3) cellular degeneration and picnosis, 4) phagocytes and cell debris, and 5) fungus in the extracellular background and phagocytosis, observed Hematoidin crystals and apoptotic processes. It is concluded that endoscopy and tracheal wash cytology are essential tools for the diagnosis of respiratory diseases, allowing the identification of functional disorders, glimpsing the predominant cell type, which causes the existing inflammatory process.Las afecciones del sistema respiratorio, tienen un papel fundamental en la disminución del desempeño atlético de los equinos, los exámenes como la broncoscopia que se realiza con endoscopio flexible, y citológicos (lavados transtraqueales y broncoalveolares), han sido usados como métodos de diagnóstico en animales con sintomatología de deficiencia respiratoria. Durante los últimos años su implementación ha tenido un notable aumento debido a su eficacia en los dictámenes, lo que se traduce, en disminución de tiempo y costos de tratamientos. En el presente estudio, se tomaron muestras a diez equinos sin raza definida, con edades entre los 7 y 15 años, provenientes de la clínica de grandes animales del hospital veterinario de la Universidad Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), los cuales nueve eran usados para la tracción de carrosa en la zona metropolitana y uno para carreras hípicas de Porto Alegre. A todos los animales se les realizó examen clínico general, enfatizando en las vías respiratorias, se realizaron cuatro endoscopias y se colectaron diez muestras de secreciones traqueales por medio de lavado y aspirado percutáneo. La suspensión celular de los lavados fue centrifugada, para realizar extendidos sobre láminas, que fueron coloreados por el método panóptico rápido (tinción diferencial), que permite la observación de células sanguíneas. Se realizó estadística descriptiva de las variables analizadas. Los animales presentaron frecuencia cardiaca 39.2 ± 1.44 latidos por minuto (lpm), frecuencia respiratoria 19.7 ± 2.37 respiraciones por minuto (rpm), temperatura 38.25 ± 0.08°C, hematocrito 34.7 ± 1.09%, recuento de eritrocitos 7.25 ± 0.27 x 106/ml, hemoglobina 11.34 ± 0.042 g/dl, volumen corpuscular medio 49.85 ± 0.96 fentolitros (fl), concentración de hemoglobina corpuscular media 32.77 ± 0.45 g/dl, plaquetas 183.8 ± 10.98 x 103/ml, proteínas plasmáticas totales 7.3 ± 0.13 g/dl, leucocitos totales 9.880 ± 470/ml, neutrófilos 5.910 ± 560/ml, eosinófilos 359.2 ± 70.8/ml, linfocitos 3.420 ± 420/ml y monocitos 339.8 ± 50.12/ml. En la citología del lavado traqueal se determinaron los porcentajes de células epiteliales en 42.3 ± 9.35, linfocitos 3.3 ± 1.13, macrófagos 20.1 ± 5.35, neutrófilos 26.4 ± 8.37 y eosinófilos 2.7 ± 1.78. Finalmente los resultados del examen endoscópico en los equinos fueron: 1) cantidad normal de moco y ausencia de bacterias (sanos), 2) aumento de la producción de moco y de bacterias en el medio extracelular y superficie de células escamosas, 3) degeneración celular y picnosis, 4) fagocitos y restos celulares, y 5) fungosis (hongos conídeos) en el fondo extracelular y fagocitosis, observándose cristales de hematoidina y procesos apoptóticos. Se concluye que la endoscopia y la citología del lavado traqueal son herramientas fundamentales para el diagnóstico de las enfermedades respiratorias, ya que permiten la identificación de trastornos funcionales, vislumbrando el tipo celular predominante, que ocasiona el proceso inflamatorio existente.Doenças do sistema respiratório, têm um papel fundamental na redução do desempenho atlético de cavalos, exames como broncoscopia, que é realizada com endoscópio flexível e citológico (lavagens traqueais) têm sido usados ​​como métodos de diagnóstico em animais com sintomas de insuficiência respiratória. Nos últimos anos, a sua implementação tem tido um aumento significativo devido à sua eficácia nas pareceres, resultando em diminuição do tempo de tratamento e custos. Neste estudo, foram colhidas amostras para dez cavalos, sem raça definida, com idade entre 7 e 15 anos, de clínica veterinária de animais grande hospital da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), que foram nove usado para puxar carrosa na região metropolitana e outro para a corrida de cavalos em Porto Alegre. Todos os animais foram submetidos a exame clínico, enfatizando vias aéreas, quatro endoscopias foram realizadas e dez amostras de secreção traqueal foram recolhidos por lavagem e aspiração percutânea. A suspensão de células foi centrifugada durante lavada estendida em lâminas, as quais foram coloridas pelo método panóptico rápida (coloração diferencial), que permite a observação de células sanguíneas. A estatística descritiva das variáveis ​​analisadas foi realizada. Os animais apresentaram 39.2 ± 1.44 freqüência cardíaca batimentos por minuto (bpm), freqüência respiratória 19.7 ± 2.37 respirações por minuto (rpm), a temperatura 38.25 ± 0.08°C, hematócrito 34.7 ± 1.09%, contagem de eritrócitos 7.25 ± 0.27 x 106/ml), hemoglobina 11.34 ± 0.042 g/dl, volume corpuscular média 49.85 ± 0.96 fentolitros (fl), concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular 32.77 ± 0.45 g/dl, plaquetas 183.8 ± 10.98 x 103/ml, proteínas plasmáticas totais de 7.3 ± 0.13 g/dl, leucócitos totais 9,880 ± 470/ml, neutrófilos 5,910 ± 560/ml, eosinófilos 359.2 ± 70.8/ml, linfocitos 3,420 ± 420/ml e monócitos 339.8 ± 50.12/ml. Em citologia do lavagem traqueal foram determinados percentagens de células epiteliais em 42.3 ± 9.35, linfocitos 3.3 ± 1.13, macrófagos 20.1 ± 5.35, neutrófilos 26.4 ± 8.37 e eosinófilos 2.7 ± 1.78. Finalmente, os resultados do exame endoscópico em cavalos foram: 1) a quantidade normal de muco e ausência de bactérias (saudável), 2) um aumento da produção de muco e bactérias na do meio extracelular e superficie de célula escamosa, 3) degeneração celular e picnose 4), fagócitos e detritos celulares, e 5) fungosis (conídeos do fungos) no fundo extracelular e fagocitose observados cristais hematoidin e processos apoptóticos. Conclui-se que a endoscopia e citologia lavagem traqueal são ferramentas essenciais para o diagnóstico de doenças respiratórias, permitindo a identificação de distúrbios funcionais, vislumbrando o tipo de célula predominante, o que faz com que o processo inflamatório existente

Evaluación de los parámetros de calidad durante la Fritura de rebanadas de papa criolla

La fritura es un método de deshidratación utilizado principalmente sobre productos amiláceos con el fin de cambiar sus características estructurales y organolépticas para hacerlos más atractivos al consumidor. En el presente trabajo se determinó las condiciones óptimas de fritura por inmersión a presión atmosférica en rebanadas de papa criolla (solanum phureja). La calidad de los chip fueron evaluados mediante determinaciones de humedad, textura, grasa y color. El contenido de grasa final es inversamente proporcional al promedio final de humedad. Los dos mejores resultados de contenido de grasa (170-2.5- 2.5 y 170-2.0-1.5) fueron tratamientos con alto índice de humedad con 21.93 y 24.09% respectivamente

Informe de prácticas laborales para optar el grado de Ingeniería de Sistemas: Asistente II de facturación realizando consultas DQL al sistema de información de Bioagricola del Llano

Desempeñar todas las funciones y obligaciones establecidas en el perfil del cargo como asistente II de facturación aplicando métodos, procedimientos, consultas, formulas, y manejo de aplicaciones adicionales, logrando relacionar los conceptos formativos del programa de Ingeniería de Sistemas.Introducción…………………………………………………………………………….5 1. Reseña histórica de escenario de la práctica…………………………………….………....6 2. Plan estratégico del escenario de la práctica…………………………………….……....6 2.1. Misión…………………………………………………………………………..…..6 2.2. Visión…………………………………………………………………………….........6 2.3. Objetivos………………………………………………………………………………7 2.4. Metas………………………………………………………………………………..…7 3. Descripción de funciones y procedimientos a desarrollar o desarrollados………………...8 4. Objetivos del practicante…………………………………………………………......10 4.1. Objetivo general………………………………………………………………...…......10 4.2. Objetivos específicos…………………………………………………………….........10 5. Metas del practicante……………………………………………………………......11 6. Diagnóstico y problemáticas detectadas………………………………….…………...15 7. Plan de mejoramiento…………………………………………………………….……17 8. Aportes y sugerencias realizadas……………………………………………………18 9. Normatividad externa e interna que rige al escenario de práctica……….…………….19 10. Evidencia de la ejecución total del plan de práctica en porcentaje………..…..…….19 11. Evidencias objetivas de la práctica ………………………………………..…..…….20 12. Conclusiones …………………………………………………………………. ……….21 13. Bibliografia …………………………………………………………….…………2

Clinical, endoscopic and cytologic evaluation of airways of horses pulling

Las afecciones del sistema respiratorio, tienen un papel fundamental en la disminución del desempeño atlético de los equinos, los exámenes como la broncoscopia que se realiza con endoscopio flexible, y citológicos (lavados transtraqueales y broncoalveolares), han sido usados como métodos de diagnóstico en animales con sintomatología de deficiencia respiratoria. Durante los últimos años su implementación ha tenido un notable aumento debido a su eficacia en los dictámenes, lo que se traduce, en disminución de tiempo y costos de tratamientos. En el presente estudio, se tomaron muestras a diez equinos sin raza definida, con edades entre los 7 y 15 años, provenientes de la clínica de grandes animales del hospital veterinario de la Universidad Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), los cuales nueve eran usados para la tracción de carrosa en la zona metropolitana y uno para carreras hípicas de Porto Alegre. A todos los animales se les realizó examen clínico general, enfatizando en las vías respiratorias, se realizaron cuatro endoscopias y se colectaron diez muestras de secreciones traqueales por medio de lavado y aspirado percutáneo. La suspensión celular de los lavados fue centrifugada, para realizar extendidos sobre láminas, que fueron coloreados por el método panóptico rápido (tinción diferencial), que permite la observación de células sanguíneas. Se realizó estadística descriptiva de las variables analizadas. Los animales presentaron frecuencia cardiaca 39.2 ± 1.44 latidos por minuto (lpm), frecuencia respiratoria 19.7 ± 2.37 respiraciones por minuto (rpm), temperatura 38.25 ± 0.08°C, hematocrito 34.7 ± 1.09%, recuento de eritrocitos 7.25 ± 0.27 x 106/ml, hemoglobina 11.34 ± 0.042 g/dl, volumen corpuscular medio 49.85 ± 0.96 fentolitros (fl), concentración de hemoglobina corpuscular media 32.77 ± 0.45 g/dl, plaquetas 183.8 ± 10.98 x 103/ml, proteínas plasmáticas totales 7.3 ± 0.13 g/dl, leucocitos totales 9.880 ± 470/ml, neutrófilos 5.910 ± 560/ml, eosinófilos 359.2 ± 70.8/ml, linfocitos 3.420 ± 420/ml y monocitos 339.8 ± 50.12/ml. En la citología del lavado traqueal se determinaron los porcentajes de células epiteliales en 42.3 ± 9.35, linfocitos 3.3 ± 1.13, macrófagos 20.1 ± 5.35, neutrófilos 26.4 ± 8.37 y eosinófilos 2.7 ± 1.78. Finalmente los resultados del examen endoscópico en los equinos fueron: 1) cantidad normal de moco y ausencia de bacterias (sanos), 2) aumento de la producción de moco y de bacterias en el medio extracelular y superficie de células escamosas, 3) degeneración celular y picnosis, 4) fagocitos y restos celulares, y 5) fungosis (hongos conídeos) en el fondo extracelular y fagocitosis, observándose cristales de hematoidina y procesos apoptóticos. Se concluye que la endoscopia y la citología del lavado traqueal son herramientas fundamentales para el diagnóstico de las enfermedades respiratorias, ya que permiten la identificación de trastornos funcionales, vislumbrando el tipo celular predominante, que ocasiona el proceso inflamatorio existente.Disorders of the respiratory system have a key role in reducing the athletic performance of horses, tests such as bronchoscopy that is performed with flexible endoscope, and cytological (tracheal washings) have been used as diagnostic methods in animals with symptoms of respiratory failure. In recent years its implementation has had a significant increase due to its effectiveness in the opinions, resulting in decreased treatment time and costs. In this study, samples were taken to ten horses without defined breed, aged between 7 and 15 years, from clinical large animal veterinary hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), which nine were used for pulling in the metropolitan area and one for horse racing in Porto Alegre. All animals underwent clinical examination, emphasizing airway four endoscopies were performed and ten samples of tracheal secretions were collected by washing and percutaneous aspiration. The washed cell suspension was centrifuged for extended on slides, which were stained by the method of panoptical fast (differential staining), which allows the observation of blood cells. Descriptive statistics of the variables analyzed was performed. The animals showed heart rate 39.2 ± 1.44 beats per minute (bpm), respiratory rate 19.7 ± 2.37 breaths per minute (rpm), temperature 38.25 ± 0.08°C, hematocrit 34.7 ± 1.09%, erythrocyte count 7.25 ± 0.27 x 106/ml, hemoglobin 11.34 ± 0.042 g/dl, mean corpuscular volume average 49.85 ± 0.96 fentoliters (fl), 32 corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 77 ± 0.45 g/dl, platelets 183.8 ± 10.98 x 103/ml, total plasma proteins 7.3 ± 0.13 g/dl, total leukocytes 9,880 ± 470/ml, neutrophils 5,910 ± 560/ml, eosinophils 359.2 ± 70.8/ml, lymphocytes 3,420 ± 420/ml and monocytes 339.8 ± 50.12/ml. In tracheal wash cytology were determined the percentages of epithelial cells in 42.3 ± 9.35, lymphocytes 3.3 ± 1.13, macrophages 20.1 ± 5.35, neutrophils 26.4 ± 8.37 and eosinophils 2.7 ± 1.78. Finally the results of endoscopic examination in horses were: 1) normal amount of mucus and absence of bacteria (healthy), 2) increased production of mucus and bacteria in the extracellular medium and squamous cell surface, 3) cellular degeneration and picnosis, 4) phagocytes and cell debris, and 5) fungus in the extracellular background and phagocytosis, observed Hematoidin crystals and apoptotic processes. It is concluded that endoscopy and tracheal wash cytology are essential tools for the diagnosis of respiratory diseases, allowing the identification of functional disorders, glimpsing the predominant cell type, which causes the existing inflammatory process

EFFECTS OF VARYING FACEMASK REINFORCEMENT ON AGILITY AND FUNCTIONAL REACTIVE ABILITY IN NCAA FOOTBALL PLAYERS

Nathan East, Christopher G. Ballmann, FACSM, Gracie Robbins, Amanda Dumar, Ashleigh Davis, Ashley Rice, Rebecca R. Rogers. Samford University, Birmingham, AL. BACKGROUND: Football headgear has become increasingly bulkier over time in efforts to prevent head/neck injuries. However, increases in facemask reinforcement have been shown to cause vision impairment. We have previously shown that peripheral vision reaction time and target detection are hindered with heavier facemask reinforcement. However, athletes were stationary when completing reaction time tests which may not translate to actual gameplay. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify how varying facemask reinforcement influences agility and functional reactive ability in NCAA football players METHODS: Division 1 NCAA football players with normal/corrected to normal vision participated. In a randomized manner, participants completed reactive tests for the following conditions: Baseline/no helmet (BL), Light reinforced (HL), Medium reinforced (HM), Heavy reinforced (HH) face masks. For each condition, participants completed two reactive tests using a FITLIGHT trainer system: reactive reach test (RRT) and reactive step test (RST). For the RRT, 5 poles equipped with a total of 10 LED sensors were placed in a semi-circle 1 meter around a center point. Participants were asked to step and reach to hit 10 lights with their hands as fast as possible. For the RST, 5 LED sensors were place on the ground in a semi-circle pattern 1 meter around a center point. Participants were asked to step and hit each sensor with their foot to hit 5 lights as fast as possible. Each reactive test was repeated for a total of 3 attempts. Average reaction time and time to test completion (TTC) were analyzed and compared between facemask condition. RESULTS: HL (p= 0.030), HM (p= 0.034), and HH (p=0.003) conditions resulted in slower reaction time during RRT compared to BL. TTC was significantly increased during the HL (p= 0.021), HM (p= 0.013), and HH (p=0.011) versus BL. However, no differences existed between facemasks (p\u3e 0.05). For the RST, reaction time was slower during HL (p= 0.027), HM (p= 0.018), and HH (p= 0.015) conditions versus BL. TTC was significantly higher during the HL (p= 0.046), HM (p= 0.029), and HH (p=0.017) versus BL. No differences existed between facemask conditions (p\u3e 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of facemask reinforcement, wearing a football helmet impairs functional reactive ability and agility performance. Since unobstructed vision on the field is important for safety and performance, these findings may have important implications on equipment regulations for safety in collegiate football

EFFECTS OF CLEAR AND TINTED FOOTBALL VISORS ON AGILITY AND FUNCTIONAL REACTIVE ABILITY IN NCAA FOOTBALL PLAYERS

Gracie Robbins, Shelby Tidwell, Rebecca R. Rogers, Nathan East, Amanda Dumar, Ashleigh Davis, Ashley Rice, Christopher G. Ballmann, FACSM. Samford University, Birmingham, AL. BACKGROUND: Football helmet visors have been added as safety accessories to helmet facemasks in efforts to mitigate ocular injury. Recent rule changes have banned tinted visors while clear visors are generally accepted as legal. We have previously shown that dark tinted helmet visors impair peripheral visuomotor ability in collegiate players. However, athletes were stationary when completing reaction time tests which may not translate to actual gameplay. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify how clear and tinted visors influence agility and functional reactive ability in NCAA football players. METHODS: Division 1 NCAA football players with normal/corrected to normal vision participated. In a randomized manner, participants completed reactive tests for the following conditions: Baseline/no helmet (BL), Helmet + Clear visor (HCV), Helmet + Smoke tinted visor (HSV), Helmet + Mirrored visor (HMV). For each condition, participants completed two reactive tests using a FITLIGHT trainer system: reactive reach test (RRT) and reactive step test (RST). For the RRT, 5 poles equipped with a total of 10 LED sensors were placed in a semi-circle 1 meter around a center point. Participants were asked to step and reach to hit 10 lights with their hands as fast as possible. For the RST, 5 LED sensors were place on the ground in a semi-circle pattern 1 meter around a center point. Participants were asked to step and hit each sensor with their foot to hit 5 lights as fast as possible. Each reactive test was repeated for a total of 3 attempts. Average reaction time and time to test completion (TTC) were analyzed and compared between visor conditions. RESULTS:HCV (p\u3c 0.001), HSV (p\u3c 0.001), and HMV (p\u3c0.001) conditions resulted in slower reaction time during RRT compared to BL. TTC was significantly increased during the HCV (p\u3c 0.001), HSV (p\u3c 0.001), and HMV (p\u3c0.001) conditions versus BL. However, no differences existed between visor conditions (p\u3e 0.05). For the RST, reaction time was slower during HCV (p= 0.028), HSV (p= 0.038), and HMV (p= 0.017) conditions versus BL. TTC was significantly higher during the HCV (p= 0.010), HSV (p= 0.009), and HMV (p=0.007) versus BL. No differences existed between facemask conditions (p\u3e 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of visor condition, wearing a football helmet impaired functional reactive ability and agility performance. However, visor tint did not exacerbate functional reactive ability. These findings highlight the need for new helmet designs which may not obstruct lines of sight to maintain player safety and performance in collegiate football players

[Caracterización ocupacional del subsector de acuicultura]

Este estudio explica la situación actual del subsector de la acuicultura en Colombia, mediante la descripción de su entorno económico, tecnológico, organizacional, ocupacional, educativo y ambiental así como sus tendencias de desarrollo. Tiene como fin servir de insumo para la creación de políticas y normas de competencia laboral.This study explains the current situation of the aquaculture subsector in Colombia, by describing its economic, technological, organizational, occupational, educational and environmental environment as well as its development trends. Its purpose is to serve as an input for the creation of labor competency policies and standards.Preliminares del estudio -- Entorno económico -- Entorno tecnológico -- Entorno organizacional -- Entorno educativo -- Entorno ambienta

Evaluación de los parámetros de calidad durante la Fritura de rebanadas de papa criolla

La fritura es un método de deshidratación utilizado principalmente sobre productos amiláceos con el fin de cambiar sus características estructurales y organolépticas para hacerlos más atractivos al consumidor. En el presente trabajo se determinó las condiciones óptimas de fritura por inmersión a presión atmosférica en rebanadas de papa criolla (solanum phureja). La calidad de los chip fueron evaluados mediante determinaciones de humedad, textura, grasa y color. El contenido de grasa final es inversamente proporcional al promedio final de humedad. Los dos mejores resultados de contenido de grasa (170-2.5- 2.5 y 170-2.0-1.5) fueron tratamientos con alto índice de humedad con 21.93 y 24.09% respectivamente