Effect of Chemical Refining on Citrullus Colocynthis and Pongamia Pinnata Seed Oil

Bio-diesel production from conventional vegetable oils (soybean, sunflower, safflower, palm and rapeseed) has progressively stressed food uses, price, production and availability of these oils. Consequently, this has ignited the search for additional/non-conventional, regional oil yielding raw materials to fulfill the increasing demand of oil for edible and bio-fuel production. Citrullus colocynthis and Pongamia pinnata (underutilized plants) oil was found to have good economical values. But crude oil obtained from natural resources contains a lot of impurities which should be removed before its use. Chemical refining involves degumming, alkali refining and bleaching are aimed to remove impurities like free fatty acids, phosphatides, metal ions, oxidation products and waxes. Oil from the both plant seeds was evaluated (both before and after refining) for different physico-chemical parameters like free fatty acids, iodine value, peroxide value, saponification value, unsaponifiable matter and fatty acid composition. Oil yield (30-35 %) in both plants was found average. After refining, per cent reduction of free fatty acid value by (62.79 and 63.9), iodine value (25.59 and 27.37), saponification value (13.46 and 13.43), peroxide value (65.76 and 59.64) was observed in C. colocynthis and P. pinnata oil, which is helpful in increasing the oxidative stability and susceptibility towards trans-esterification. Unsaponifiable matter in C. colocynthis and P. pinnata was reduced by 54.78 and 49.78 per cent which is helpful in decreasing the amount of secondary metabolites and increasing the purity of oils. Analysis of C. colocynthis and P. pinnata oil shows that it was composed mainly of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic esters. After refining, saturated fatty acids were found reduced from 23.56 to 19.17 and 18.75 to 15.78 per cent and total unsaturated fatty acids were found to increase from 74.68 to 78.39 and 71.56 to 78.77 in both oils. It makes oil favorable for edible purposes as it can reduce plasma triglycerides

How COVID-19 has impacted the admission rates of higher education in the Midwest of the United States?

The purpose of this study is to investigate how COVID-19 has impacted the admission rates of higher education in the Midwest of the United States. The study will be conducted under a qualitative methodology using a case study design. The study will explain how institutions have been affected by COVID-19 regarding students\u27 retention rate, admission rate, revenues, funds, and personal challenges. The pandemic has been presented for more than a year now, and yet, there is no sign of ending. It has a put up a lot of challenges for higher education institutions. The COVID-19 is causing the universities to cut down the courses because of fewer admission rates, restricted services, and operations, causing financial losses. Most of the institutions are worried about the requirement of the addition of faculty and cutting down the staff because of the fewer fundings. The collection of data will be completed by performing a semi-structured interview of the Case study framework. There will be ten participants (sample size of 10) participating in this study. It will include administrative assistants and faculty from a university in southeast Kansas because it has a student population of four Midwest states. A questionnaire of ten questions will be given to each participant to provide the required information. The questionnaire involves a mixture of questions, related to the admission rate, funds, and personal challenges faced during the pandemic period

Origin of Brahmi Script from Logographic Elements: An Analysis

When it comes to language and literature, the richness of a culture can only be comprehended via reading and listening. Brahmi is believed to have been responsible for the script of all northern Indian languages except for Urdu. The result of a lengthy and tedious process. There are currently over 200 different languages and dialects spoken throughout India. Some are extensively employed, while others are only found in a single location of the country or planet. Only twenty-two of these amendments has made it into the text of our country's founding constitution. In addition to Braj Bhasha, Avadhi who is spoken in the Oudh region, Bhojpuri, Magadhi, and Maithili which is spoken in Mithila, Rajasthani who is spoken in Rajasthan, and Khadi Boli which is spoken around Delhi. A substantial number of people speak Hindi in its various forms. Another script, known as Brahmi, was also established in the region during this period and was used throughout India and the rest of South Asia at the same time. Even though historians, archaeologists, and epigraphists have been interested in Brahmi Script for centuries, the script's varied forms, structures, and typographical peculiarities as an alphabet have been mostly overlooked and never examined. Within the scope of this paper, we shall look at the origins of the Brahmi script as a type of logography. Historical appreciation for the distinct anatomical symmetry and phonetic logic of the Brahmi script exists. This has led some outsiders to think that it is an import, yet a consensus has developed over time. "Brahmi" is no longer thought to be a stolen script, but rather an Indigenous one that developed over time. Brahmi is a typographic entity that is basic yet graceful, bold yet lyric, distinct yet easy to recall, symmetrical with decent legibility even when scaled-down, and generally easy to recognise when touched on with closed eyes as a typographic entity. Brahmi is a typeface with a wide range of distinct features. This study investigates the history of the Brahmi script as a logographic element

SCOPE OF SAME-SEX MARRIAGES IN THE CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY

Marriage is a relationship between two persons i.e. man and woman. This is the formal union of a man and a woman, typically as recognized by law, by which they become husband and wife. Marriage can also be described as a socially or ritually recognized union or legal contract between spouses that establishes rights and obligations between them and their children. The same-sex marriage can be defined as a marriage between two persons of the same biological sex or gender identity. At common law a marriage between persons of the same sex was void ab initio could not be validated by adopting a child. But in the contemporary world the Homosexual marriage has been validated. The first law in modern times enabling same-sex marriage was enacted during the first decade of the 21st century. As of 19 August 2013, fifteen countries (Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, South Africa, Sweden, Uruguay) allowed same-sex couples to marry. A law has been passed by the United Kingdom going to be effective in 2014 which validates same- sex marriage. The study in various parts of society shows that there is rising support for legally recognizing same-sex marriage. Keywords: same-sex marriage, biological parents, infertility, sexual fidelit

FEDERAL SYSTEM IN INDIA AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS

Abstract: Federal System of India is governed in terms of the Constitution of India. The country of India is also referred to as the Sovereign, Secular, Democratic, Republic and has a Parliamentary form of government. The nation is basically a Union of 29 states and 7 Union Territories that works according to the Indian Constitution, which was adopted on the 16th of November 1949. In the Federal System of India, the head of the Executive Union is the President of the country. The real political as well as social power, however, resides in the hands of the Prime Minister, who in turn heads the Council of Ministers. According to the Federal System of India, it is clearly stated in the Article 74(1) of the Indian Constitution, that the Prime Minister and his Council of Ministers will advise and help the President. The Council of Members is answerable to the Lok Sabha or the House of People, as per the Federal System prevailing in India

AN IDEALISTIC APPROACH OF HUMAN RIGHTS TO COMBAT VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GENDER DISCRIMINATION

Abstract:Discrimination against the girl child starts the moment she enters into the mother's womb. The child is exposed to gender differences since birth and in recent times even before birth, in the form of sex – determination tests leading to foeticide and female infanticide. If a girl child opens her eyes in any way, she is killed after her birth by different cruel methods in some parts of the country. Thus the very important right to life†is denied to women. In India, men are always assumed to be superior to women and are given more preference. The World Human Rights Conference in Vienna†first recognised gender – based violence as a human rights violation in 1993. The same was declared by United Nations Declaration in 1993.  Keywords: sexual abuse, gender discrimination, domestic violence, trafficking, right to lif

FORENSIC MEDICINE AND INDIAN CRIMINAL LAWS - A STUDY OF RELEVANCY WITH LEGAL PROVISIONS

Abstract:Forensic medicine is one of the largest and most important areas of forensic science. Also called legal medicine or medical jurisprudence, it applies medical knowledge to criminal and civil law. Areas of medicine that are commonly involved in forensic medicine are anatomy, pathology, and psychiatry. Medical jurisprudence or forensic medicine is the application of medical science to legal problems. It is typically involved in cases concerning blood relationship, mental illness, injury, or death resulting from violence. Autopsy is often used to determine the cause of death, particularly in cases where foul play is suspected. Post-mortem examination can determine not only the immediate agent of death but may also yield important contextual information, such as how long the person has been dead, which can help trace the killing. In medicolegal cases treatment gets priority. Thereafter procedural criminal law will operate in order to avoid negligent death.  A doctor who is aware of the commission of crimes such as murder , dacoity, waging war against the lawful government, helping the escape of prisoners etc. is legally bound to report them to the nearest magistrate or police officer. The doctor having or reason to believe that an offence has been committed by patient whom he is treating intentionally omits to inform the police shall be punished. But if he treats a person who has attempted to commit suicide, he is not bound to report.Keywords: Forensic medicine, Police Inquest, Medical negligence, Indian Penal Code, Code of Criminal Procedure, Medicine and la

A STUDY OF THE STATUS OF INDIAN WOMEN UNDER DIFFERENT LEGISLATIONS

We can easily believe by studying our History books that in ancient India, women enjoyed equal status with men in all aspects of life. Works by ancient Indian grammarians such as Patanjali and Katyayana suggest that women were educated in the early Vedic period.Rigvedic verses reveal that women married at a mature age and were probably free to select their own husbands. Scriptures such as the Rig Veda and Upanishads mention several women sages and seers, notably Gargi and Maitreyi. But Indian women's position in society further deteriorated during the medieval period when child marriages and a ban on remarriage by widows became part of social life in some communities in India. The Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent brought purdah to Indian society. Among the Rajputs of Rajasthan, the Jauhar was practised. In some parts of India, some of Devadasis were sexually exploited. Polygamy was practiced among Hindu Kshatriya rulers. During the British Raj, many reformers such as Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Jyotirao Phule, Swami Vivekanand etc., fought for the betterment of women. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's crusade for improvement in the situation of widows led to the Widow Remarriage Act of 1856.In 1929, through the efforts of Mahomed Ali Jinnah, the Child Marriage Restraint Act was passed, stipulating fourteen as the minimum age of marriage for a girl.Women in India now participate fully in areas such as education, sports, politics, media, art and culture, service sectors, science and technology, etc. Indira Gandhi the first woman Prime Minister of India for an aggregate period of fifteen years, is the world's longest serving woman Prime Minister.The aim of the study is to check out those different legislations which have made special provision with regard to the status or protection or which have been enacted for improving their reputation and standard in society in comparison to those of women we have studied in our history books.Keywords: The Constitution of India, coparcenary property, infanticide, gender     discriminatio