Duverger, semi-presidentialism and the supposed French archetype

The concept of semi-presidentialism was first operationalised by Maurice Duverger. There are now 17 countries with semi-presidential constitutions in Europe. Within this set of countries France is usually considered to be the archetypal example of semi-presidentialism. This article maps the main institutional and political features of European semi-presidentialism on the basis of Duverger’s original three-fold schema. The most striking feature is the diversity of practice within this set of countries. This means that semi-presidentialism should not be operationalised as a discrete explanatory variable. However, there are ways of systematically capturing the variation within semi-presidentialism to allow cross-national comparisons. This diversity also means that France should not be considered as the archetypal semi-presidential country. At best, France is an archetypal example of a particular type of semi-presidentialism. Overall, Duverger’s main contribution to the study of semi-presidentialism was the original identification of the concept and his implicit insight that there are different types of semi-presidentialism. In the future, the study of semi-presidentialism would benefit from the development of theory-driven comparative work that avoids a reliance on France as the supposed semi-presidential archetype

Cylchgrawn Cymdeithas Alawon Gwerin Cymru (Journal of the Welsh Folk-Song Society), vol. I, 1909-12

Duhamel Maurice. Cylchgrawn Cymdeithas Alawon Gwerin Cymru (Journal of the Welsh Folk-Song Society), vol. I, 1909-12. In: Annales de Bretagne. Tome 29, numéro 4, 1913. pp. 710-713

Les premières gammes celtiques et la musique populaire des Hébrides

Duhamel Maurice. Les premières gammes celtiques et la musique populaire des Hébrides. In: Annales de Bretagne. Tome 31, numéro 1, 1916. pp. 1-18

Les 15 modes de la musique bretonne

Duhamel Maurice. Les 15 modes de la musique bretonne . In: Annales de Bretagne. Tome 26, numéro 4, 1910. pp. 687-740

Cylchgrawn Cymdeithas Alawon Gwerin Cymru (Journal of the Welsh Folk-Song Society), vol. I, 1909-12

Duhamel Maurice. Cylchgrawn Cymdeithas Alawon Gwerin Cymru (Journal of the Welsh Folk-Song Society), vol. I, 1909-12. In: Annales de Bretagne. Tome 29, numéro 4, 1913. pp. 710-713

Chansons anciennes (XVIIe et XVIIIe siècle) ... recueillies & harmonisées. . .

Sibley Music Library copy bound with D. Séverac, Dans les prisons de Nantes and Cécilia. Contents: La mie du soldat.--L'enlèvement.--La fille au roi d'Espagne.--La galant berger.--La mie du mercerot.--En chavauchant mon cheval rouge.--Quand j'étais chez mon père.--Mon père, ribon-ribaine.--Dessous le laurier blanc.--Le bergère fidèle

A new quantization optimization algorithm for the MPEG advanced audio coder using a statistical sub-band model of the quantization noise

International audienceIn this paper, an improvement of the quantization optimization algorithm for the MPEG Advanced Audio Coder (AAC) is presented. This algorithm, given a bit-rate constraint, minimizes the perceived distortion generated by the signal compression. The distortion can be related to the quantization error level over frequency sub-bands through an auditory model. Thus, optimizing the quantification requires knowledge of the rate-distortion function for each sub-band. When this function can be modeled in a simple way, the algorithm can take a one-loop recursive structure. However, in the MPEG AAC, the rate-distortion function is hard to characterize, since AAC makes use of non-linear quantizers and variable length entropy coders. As a result, the standard algorithm makes use of two nested loops with a local decoder, in order to measure the error level rather than predicting its value. We first describe a partial sub-band modeling of the rate-distortion function of interest in the MPEG AAC. Then, using a statistical approach, we find a relationship between the error level and the so-called quantization ``scale-factor'' and propose a new algorithm that is basically similar to a classical one loop ``bit allocation'' process. Finally, we describe the complete algorithm and show that it is more efficient than the standard one

Chants bressannes. 1er et 2e recueil. Textes traduits et adaptés par Maurice Duhamel. Reconstitutions et harmonisations de Francisque Darcieux.

2 v. in 1. 35 cm.A.R. 4600 Rouart & CieA.R. 4554 Rouart & Ci

Modélisation statistique de l'erreur de quantification dans le codeur AAC. Application à l'algorithme d'allocation de bits

Dans le codeur MPEG AAC (Advanced Audio Coder), la fonction débit-distorsion dans chaque sous-bande fréquentielle est accessible a priori sous forme paramétrique : Le paramètre de quantification par sous-bande, appelé facteur d'échelle, détermine d'une partla puissance de l'erreur de codage, d'autre part le nombre de bits consommé. Dans cet article, nous proposons une modélisation de l'erreur de codage, paramétrée par le facteur d'échelle, suffisamment simple pour pouvoir être inversée. On se donne une puissance d'erreur par sous-bande, et on est capable de calculer directement la valeur du facteur d'échelle correspondant. La relation liant la distorsion au débit est donc connue sous forme directe. Ensuite, nous proposons une application à l'algorithme de codage à débit fixe. Contrairement à l'algorithme standard décrit dans l'annexe informative de la norme MPEG-2, il est possible de supprimer la boucle de contrôle de distorsion. Ce nouvel algorithme s'avère donc plus rapide et plus souple vis à vis des critères psychoacoustiques que l'algorithme standard