L’efficacité des programmes de prévention de la toxicomanie axés sur les familles

Cette recension des écrits examine l'efficacité de programmes de prévention des toxicomanies auprès des familles. De nombreux travaux soulignent le rôle déterminant des familles dans la transmission des habitudes de consommation. De plus, selon plusieurs intervenants, la famille constitue un milieu propice pour l'instauration de tels programmes de prévention. Cet article propose une analyse critique de ces programmes. Sont présentés les facteurs de risque liés à l'abus de substances chez les jeunes, puis les programmes visant la famille dont la stratégie est l'information, ceux qui font appel à des stratégies multiples et ceux qui visent les parents les plus à risque. Une critique méthodologique des études évaluatives est présentée. Les auteurs concluent par des recommandations.This literature review examines the efficiency of drug addiction prevention programs centered on families. Many studies underline the determining role of families in the transmission of consumption habits. Moreover, according to many intervenors, the family constitutes a favourable milieu to institute these prevention programs. This article proposes a critical analysis of these programs. The risk factors related to substance abuse with youth are first presented followed by information strategy programs aimed at families, multiple-strategy programs as well as programs aimed at parents who are considered at high risk. A methodological review of evaluative studies is presented. The authors conclude with recommendations.Este censo de escritos examinarâ la eficacia de los programas de prevenciôn con las familias, de la toxicomania. Numerosos trabajos subrayan el papel déterminante de las familias en la transmisiôn de hâbitos de consumo. Ademâs, segun varios trabajadores, la familias constituye un medio propicio para la instauration de taies programas de prevenciôn. Este artïculo propone un anâlisis crîtico de esos programas. En principio se presentan los factores de reisgo ligados al abuso de sustancias en los jôvenes y después los programas hacia las familias cuya estrategia es la information, aquellos que Uaman a estrategias multiples y aquellos dirigidos hacia los padres a riesgo. Una critica metodolôgica de los estudios es presentada. Los autores concluyen con recomendaciones

Gambling Problems among Community Cocaine Users

Cocaine use is highly prevalent and a major public health problem. While some studies have reported frequent comorbidity problems among cocaine users, few studies have included evaluation of gambling problems. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of gambling problems and compare those who were at-risk gamblers with non-problem gamblers in terms of mental health problems, substance use problems, and some risk factors (i.e. family antecedents, erroneous perceptions and coping strategies) among individuals who smoke or inject cocaine. METHOD: A total of 424 smoked or injected cocaine users recruited through community-based programs in Montreal, Quebec completed the questionnaire, including the Canadian Pathological Gambling Index, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), the CAGE, and the Severity Dependence Scale (SDS). RESULTS: Of the sample, 18.4 % were considered at-risk gamblers, of whom 7.8 % had problems gambling and 10.6 % were moderate-risk gamblers. The at-risk group was more likely to have experienced a recent phobic disorder and alcohol problems than the non-problem group. A multivariate analysis showed that, compared to those who were non-problem gamblers, the at-risk ones were more likely to have lost a large sum of money when they first started gambling, believed that their luck would turn, and gambled in reaction to painful life events. These results indicate the need to include routines for screening to identify gambling problem among cocaine user

Integrative couple treatment for pathological gambling/ICT-PG : description of the therapeutic process

Problem gambling can have profound consequences on a person's life, consequences that range from financial, psychological to relational and that affect, in particular, couple relationships. Despite these widely documented relational consequences, most therapies for problem gambling favour an individual approach. Nonetheless, in the field of addiction, several studies have documented the efficacy of a couple approach. A few results from preliminary studies carried out with gamblers would seem to suggest that a couple approach might also be effective in this field. Our team thus developed the Integrative Couple Treatment for Pathological Gambling or ICT-PG, a therapy in which the treatment for pathological gambling starts by working with the couple from the very first meeting. First off, it targets the reduction or cessation of gambling behaviour, but also a reduction in the psychological distress of the two partners and an improvement in relationship satisfaction and mutual support. The usual work on diverse dimensions related to gambling is conducted with the gambler, and this in the presence and with the support of his partner. The treatment aims to eliminate those behaviours in the couple that might facilitate gambling and to reinforce behaviours that support the cessation of gambling. Another goal of the ICT-PG is for the couple to learn better skills for communication, conflict resolution, and mutual reinforcement, always with the objective of facilitating the reduction and cessation of gambling habits. This paper is a description of the therapeutic process of the ICT-PG.Le jeu compulsif peut avoir de profondes conséquences sur la vie d'une personne, des conséquences qui vont de l'ordre financier, psychologique à relationnel et qui affectent, en particulier les relations de couple. Malgré que ces conséquences sur les relations soient bien connues, la plupart des thérapies pour le jeu compulsif emploient une approche individuelle. Pourtant, dans le domaine de la dépendance, plusieurs études ont démontré l'efficacité d'une approche de couple. Quelques données préliminaires d’études avec des joueurs compulsifs suggèrent qu'une approche de couple pourrait aussi être efficace dans ce domaine. Notre équipe a donc développé le Traitement de couple intégratif pour le jeu pathologique ou TCI-JP, une thérapie dont le traitement pour le jeu pathologique débute avec le couple dès la première rencontre. Tout d'abord, la thérapie cible une réduction ou cessation du comportement de joueur de même qu'une réduction de la détresse psychologique chez les deux partenaires, une amélioration de la satisfaction de la relation et un support mutuel. Le travail habituel sur les diverses dimensions reliées au jeu compulsif est effectué avec le joueur en présence et avec le support du conjoint ou de la conjointe. Le traitement vise à éliminer les comportements du couple qui peuvent inciter à la pratique du jeu compulsif et à renforcir ceux qui mènent à une cessation. Un autre but du TCI-JP est de permettre aux couples de développer des compétences en communication, résolution de conflits et renforcement mutuel tout en maintenant l'objectif de faciliter la réduction et cessation des habitudes de jeu. Cet article décrit le procédé thérapeutique du TCI-JP

Gambling Problems among Community Cocaine Users

Cocaine use is highly prevalent and a major public health problem. While some studies have reported frequent comorbidity problems among cocaine users, few studies have included evaluation of gambling problems. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of gambling problems and compare those who were at-risk gamblers with non-problem gamblers in terms of mental health problems, substance use problems, and some risk factors (i.e. family antecedents, erroneous perceptions and coping strategies) among individuals who smoke or inject cocaine. METHOD: A total of 424 smoked or injected cocaine users recruited through community-based programs in Montreal, Quebec completed the questionnaire, including the Canadian Pathological Gambling Index, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), the CAGE, and the Severity Dependence Scale (SDS). RESULTS: Of the sample, 18.4 % were considered at-risk gamblers, of whom 7.8 % had problems gambling and 10.6 % were moderate-risk gamblers. The at-risk group was more likely to have experienced a recent phobic disorder and alcohol problems than the non-problem group. A multivariate analysis showed that, compared to those who were non-problem gamblers, the at-risk ones were more likely to have lost a large sum of money when they first started gambling, believed that their luck would turn, and gambled in reaction to painful life events. These results indicate the need to include routines for screening to identify gambling problem among cocaine user

Problematic internet use among adults:a cross-cultural study in 15 countries

Abstract Background: The present study compared adult usage patterns of online activities, the frequency rate of problematic internet use (PIU), and risk factors (including the psychopathology associated with PIU, i.e., distress and impulsivity) among adults in 15 countries from Europe, America, and Asia. Methods: A total of 5130 adults from Belgium, Finland, Germany, Italy, Spain, France, Switzerland, Hungary, Poland, UK, Norway, Peru, Canada, US, and Indonesia completed an online survey assessing PIU and a number of psychological variables (i.e., depression, anxiety, stress, and impulsivity). The sample included more females, with a mean age of 24.71 years (SD = 8.70). Results: PIU was slightly lower in European countries (rates ranged from 1.1% in Finland to 10.1% in the UK, compared to 2.9% in Canada and 10.4% in the US). There were differences in specific PIU rates (e.g., problematic gaming ranged from 0.4% in Poland to 4.7% in Indonesia). Regression analyses showed that PIU was predicted by problematic social networking and gaming, lack of perseverance, positive urgency, and depression. Conclusions: The differences in PIU between countries were significant for those between continental regions (Europe versus non-European countries). One of the most interesting findings is that the specific PIU risks were generally low compared to contemporary literature. However, higher levels of PIU were present in countries outside of Europe, although intra-European differences existed