Application of digitalisation of crowns and method Of visualisation in a study of stand structures

U radu se iznose mogućnosti novog načina izučavanja strukture sastojina na primjeru digitalizacije krošanja i izrade digitalnog trodimenzionalnog modela sastojina (vizualizacije). Kao podloga za to, uzete su dvije naše karakterističe prirodne mješovite sastojine, sastojina hrasta lužnjaka i običnoga graba (Carpino betuli-Quercetum roboris, /Anić 1959/ emend. Rauš 1969) te sastojina bukve i jele (Omphalodo vernae-Fagetum Marinček et al. 1992). Na pokusnim plohama trajnoga karaktera sva su stabla obrojčana i kartirana, a istima su izmjereni prsni promjeri, visine stabala, dužine debala te snimane horizontalne projekcije krošanja. Projekcije krošanja zatim su digitalizirane u CAD programu MicroStation, aplikacija IRAS B, sa srednjom točnošću od 4 cm. Samo geokodiranje i izjednačenje obavljeno je Affinom transformacijom (projiciranje koordinate iz jedne ravnine-izvorni koordinatni sistem, u drugu paralelnu ravninu-izlazni koordinatni sistem) te prebacivanju rasterskog file-a u vektorski oblik, također u programu MicroStation. Na vektorskim plohama izračunate su površine bez zastora krošanja unutar područja (plohe) te površine pod krošnjama izvan područja (plohe). Zatim su datoteke transferirane u program AutoCAD 2000 dwg zbog pojednostavljenog načina prikazivanja. Projekcije krošanja upotpunjene su vertikalnim profilom (CorelDraw) sastojine koji proporcionalno prikazuje odnos osnovnih elemenata krošnje i debla. Na temelju izmjerenih dimenzija stabala na terenu i računalnim programom 3DS Max napravljen je trodimenzionalni model sastojine. Modelu je pridružena odgovarajuća tekstura krošanja, čime se dobio slikovitiji prikaz situacije. Kod izradbe modela vodilo se računa o prostornom rasporedu stabala, visinama stabala, dužinama debala, dužinama i širinama krošanja te o fenotipskim oblicima krošanja hrasta, graba, bukve i jele. U sastojini hrasta lužnjaka i običnoga graba simuliran je naplodni sijek te isti prikazan u trodimenzionalnoj naravi. Modeli omogućuju računalno praćenje i simulaciju obavljenih gospodarskih jera u sastojini i otvaraju nove mogućnosti rješavanja i upravljanja postojećim informacijama, a svoju primjenu mogu naći u aerofototaksaciji i GIS-u. Metode trodimenzionalne vizualizacije mogu poslužiti predočavanju prirodnog razvoja sastojina, vizualnoj usporedbi sastojina prije i poslije zahvata, kao i pomaku paradigme (primjera-obrasca) istraživanja u šumarstvu od promatranja cijele sastojine prema pristupu istraživanja pojedinog stabla.The paper presents the possibilities of a new method for the study of stand structures by crown digitalisation and production of a three-dimensional model of stands (visualisation). An investigation was carried out in a natural mixed stand of Peduncled oak and Common hornbeam (Carpino betulli-Quercetum roboris, /Anić 1959/ emend. Rauš 1969) and in a beech and fir stand (Omphalodo vernae-Fagetum, Marinček et al 1992). On experimental plots of permanent character all trees were marked by numbers and mapped, and d b h, tree heights and stem lengths measured and horizontal crown projections recorded. Crown projections were then digitalised in the CAD programme MicroStation, application IRAS B with mean accuracy of 4 cm. Geo-coding and functions of equation were performed by Affin transformation (coordinate projection from one plane-source coordinating system into another plane-exit coordinating system) and by transforming the raster file into vector form; also in the programme MicroStation. On the vector planes without canopy within the area (plot) and surfaces under crowns outside the area (plots), were calculated. Data were then transferred into the AutoCAD 2000 dwg programme for the purpose of simplification of presentation. Crown projections were completed by the vertical profile (Corel Draw) of the stand, which proportionally shows the relation between basic elements of the crown and stem. A three-dimensional model of the stand was made based on the measured dimensions of trees in the field and by the computer programme 3DS Max. The corresponding texture of crowns was added to the model, which resulted in a clearer presentation of the situation. During construction of the model attention was paid to the spatial distribution of trees, tree heights, stem lengths, lengths and widths of crowns and phenotypical forms of crowns of oak, hornbeam, beech and fir. Seed - cutting was simulated in the stand of Peduncled oak and Common hornbeam and shown in three-dimensional form. The models enable computer monitoring and simulation of management measures in a stand and present new possibilities for solving and using existing information, and their application can be found in aerial-photography estimation and GIS. Methods of three-dimensional visualisation can serve for the presentation of natural development of stands, visual comparison of stands before and after intervention, as well as for the change of the paradigm (example-pattern) in forestry research from whole-stand observation to investigation of an individual tre

Business as Unusual: Conflict and Error Processing in Children and Adults

Adjusting information processing flexibly to changing task demands and detecting self-generated errors are prerequisites for goal-directed behavior and critical abilities for living an autonomous life. This dissertation presents empirical work on the effects of cognitive conflicts and errors on subsequent task performance and episodic memory. Two studies investigated the temporal and developmental trajectories of performance slowing after detecting cognitive conflicts and errors. Conflicts and errors were experimentally induced by occasional incongruent trials requiring the inhibition of a prepotent response tendency leading to increased error rates and slower responses. The findings revealed reduced variability of response times from eight years to adulthood. More specifically, conflict and error related slowing decreased with age, suggesting more fine-tuned cognitive control adjustments with development. Two other studies showed that cognitive conflicts also affect long-term memory in adults. The underlying cognitive mechanisms are discussed in terms of interacting processes loading cognitive control needed for selective encoding. Avenues for future research examining memory consequences of conflicts in children are outlined. Investigating age-related qualitative changes in the functional connection between cognitive control and encoding processes could further our understanding of the driving forces for developmental progression

ANALIZA DVAJU UDŽBENIKA ENGLESKOGA JEZIKA KOJI SE UPOTREBLJAVAJU U POUČAVANJU DJECE PREDŠKOLSKE DOBI U BIH

The aim of this paper was to investigate the quality of textbook content in the EFL teaching of preschool children, as well as its quality and susceptibility to practical application in the class. The broader goal of the study was to raise awareness about the characteristics that good teaching materials for young learners should have – so all teachers might use the guidelines proposed in the paper to prepare some additional materials, or to assess/improve the materials they use. In order to obtain credible results, a study was conducted by focusing on the analysis of two textbooks used in Bosnian pre-school English learning centers. The textbooks analyzed were Playway to English 1– Pupil´s Book and Hippo and Friends 2– Pupil´s Book. The results indicated that good-quality content is present in the EFL teaching of preschoolers and it is mostly suited and adjusted to the level, interest and affinities of the learners. The study conducted leads to the conclusion that a positive shift has occurred in the teaching process. Namely, the traditional teacher-centered and grammar-based approach has been replaced by a more innovative learner-centered and content-based approach. However, considering the fact that the study did not include class observations, the next expedient step that could further contribute to the deeper exploration of the topic might be observations of the practical classes in order to assess the efficiency of the actual application of the content found within textbooks.U ovom je radu provedena analiza sadržaja dvaju udžbenika engleskoga jezika namijenjenih djeci predškolske dobi, Playway to English 1 i Hippo and Friends 2, koji su u uporabi u nekim predškolskim bosansko-hercegovačkim centrima za učenje engleskoga jezika. Cilj analize bio je ispitati na kojim se sadržajima uči i poučava engleski kao strani jezik te koliko su zastupljeni sadržaji primjereni dobi korisnika udžbenika i praktično primjenjivi u nastavnome radu. Širi je cilj rada povećati svijest o karakteristikama koje kvalitetni nastavni materijali za malu djecu trebaju sadržavati. U skladu s tim predložene su i smjernice koje mogu pomoći nastavnicima u pripremi dodatnih nastavnih materijala te prosudbi i poboljšavanju onih kojima se već koriste. Rezultati provedene analize pokazali su da je kvalitetan sadržaj dosta zastupljen u podučavanju engleskom jeziku djece predškolske dobi te uglavnom prilagođen interesima i afinitetima djece te dobi. Takvi rezultati upućuju na zaključak da se pojavio pozitivan preokret u nastavnome procesu. Naime, tradicionalni pristup fokusiran na gramatiku i nastavnika zamijenjen je inovativnim pristupom usmjerenim na učenika i sadržaj. U budućim studijama, kako bi se ocijenila efikasnost praktične primjene sadržaja koji se nalazi u udžbenicima, sljedeći značajan korak, koji bi dodatno mogao pridonijeti dubljem istraživanju teme, bio bi uključivanje promatranja i analize nastavnih sati engleskoga jezika

Growth and Development Dynamics of Young Holm Oak (Quercus Ilex L.) Stands after Shelterwood Cutting in Open Forest Road Conditions

The Mediterranean forest region has been exposed to anthropogenic impacts for centuries, and the constant biotic and abiotic factors, together with increasing climate change, have hindered the proper management of forest ecosystems. This study presents the results of multiyear, systematic, specific and practical monitoring of the conversion of holm oak coppices using the principles of the shelterwood system. It also presents the growth and development dynamics of the stand on a permanent experimental plot from 1997 to 2017. The research was performed in the Eumediterranean vegetation zone of coniferous forest (Forest Management, Buzet branch, Pula Forestry Office, Magran Cuf management unit, compartment 83a). The plot has all the properties of a holm oak and manna ash forests (Orno-Quercetum ilicis H-ić/1956/1958). The basic elements of stand structure were monitored: diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height, horizontal crown projection, crown ground shading (light) and the appearance and abundance of all woody vegetation, with special emphasis on the growth and development of young generations of holm oak from seed. The paper also describes the threats limiting growth, development and survival of holm oak from seed (strong shooting tendencies of coppiced holm oak and bay laurel trees, excessive presence of shrubs). Forest management requires effective, timely and repeated tending to thin stands (already under the canopy), while also protecting young trees from wild game. The statistical method of interpolation determined the trends of stand development; trend equation with coefficient of determination (R2) is very high. This indicates the growth and development of the stand in the direction of renewal of holm oak stands. Shelterwood cutting, with regular and timely tending of young generations of trees through a seven-year regeneration period, resulted in a high quality young high forest of holm oak, the first of its kind in the broader Mediterranean area. The indigenous stands of holm oak, as the fundamental climatogenic coniferous species of the Mediterranean species, have multiple roles such as protection from erosion, resilience to biotic and abiotic factors and forest fires, tourism and landscape functions, and other general forest functions, and therefore deserve intensive and ongoing research. Holm oak stands also play a part in conserving genetic and biological diversity, the potential and persistence of forest ecosystems, improving stand structure, stability and resilience of forest ecosystems to climate change, and in the long-term increase the commercial value of forest stands in the Croatian Mediterranean

Prijenos kulturnog kapitala u prijevodima romana "Forest Gump" Winstona Grooma

The aim of this paper is to determine whether the Croatian translation of Forrest Gump by Božica Jakovlev is a domesticating or a foreignizing translation. This will be accomplished by identifying the culture-specific items (CSIs) in relation to potential source areas of CSIs and then analyzing the translation procedures for rendering CSIs which will lead to establishing whether the target text (TT) is a domesticating or a foreignizing translation. The paper focuses first on providing an overview of the book by familiarizing the reader with the plot of the novel, and by introducing the unique character of Forrest Gump. Chapter 3 elaborates on the theoretical preliminaries in the paper such as defining culture in terms of levels and models, explaining the role of culture in translation, defining the term cultural mediator, the relationship between culture and language, and the complexities of translating literary prose. In Chapter 4, the focus shifts to the methodological part of the study defining smaller units in language known as culture-specific items (CSIs) and the main areas in which they occur, explaining terminological differences between translation strategies and translation procedures, and finally, presenting the consolidated taxonomy of translation procedures for rendering CSIs in the Forrest Gump novel. Results of the study are presented and discussed in Chapter 5

Analysis of the Fire Season of 2020 in the Mediterranean Bioclimatic Zone of Croatian Adriatic

Fire season in the Mediterranean bioclimatic area is most associated with the period from June to late October. Despite this, a large number of fires occur in February and March due to the intentional burning of agricultural lands. A characteristic of the Mediterranean region is the strong adaptation of vegetation to fire, though this adaptation also depends on the frequency and intensity of fires. This frequency is shown on satellite images via MODIS. This paper provides an overview of indicators of vegetation fires in the Croatian coast and karst coastal belt in the 2020 fire season. The 2020 fire season was above average in comparison with the period 2010 to 2019, with more fires than average and more burnt area. A specificity of the 2020 season is seen in the large number of fires in February and March. Fire protection in Croatia is facilitated by the use of new remote sensing technologies, in combination with the existing surveillance and monitoring methods, and organised protection systems to prevent open fires

Which Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) Provenances Provide the Best Productivity in the Hilly Area of Croatia?

Background and Purpose: Recently raised questions on adaptability of native tree species to climate changes pointed to Douglas-fir as a species suitable for rapid reforestation and increase of stand resistance. The first results on provenance research need to be confirmed in later stages of stand development, so the paper answers the following two questions: (i) are there differences in growth of 14 Douglas-fir provenances still in the fifth decade of stand development, and (ii) which provenances should be used and which omitted from further use in the hilly area of Croatia? Materials and Methods: Productivity of 14 provenances was evaluated on the basis of height, diameter at breast height and volume in the 46th year after planting. Growth dynamics was also statistically analysed using a repeated measure analysis of variance, for which purpose we partially used published data from the 2010. Results: The analysis excluded Castle Rock and Shady Cove (Oregon) provenances due to their low values of all analysed growth indicators, as well as Castle Rock, Elma and Hvidilde provenances due to their high values. Average values of tree volume ranged from 0.53 m3 (Shady Cove) to 2.05 m3 (Castle Rock), while the tallest trees belonged to Elma provenance (29.6 m). Conclusions: Different growth dynamics of provenances were confirmed for later development stage, so further monitoring is still required. Clear guidelines for the selection of provenances for practical forestry distinguish provenances from lower altitudes of the State of Washington, Denmark and Bulgaria as the most productive. Shady Cove and Salmon Arm provenances are not advised to be used in the future

Emotional intelligence and prosocial behavior in childhood and adolescence

Ovaj rad predstavlja pregled literature čiji je cilj objasniti ulogu emocionalne inteligencije u prosocijalnom ponašanju. Navedeni konstrukti opisat će se u kontekstu djetinjstva i adolescentske dobi. Prikazat će se dosadašnja saznanja o prosocijalnom ponašanju, te čimbenici koji su povezani s javljanjem istog, s naglaskom na emocionalnu inteligenciju. Također, opisat će se razvoj prosocijalnog ponašanja, te raspraviti potencijalne spolne razlike u pojavi prosocijalnog ponašanja. Dat će se pregled metoda kojima se može ispitati prosocijalno ponašanje. Emocionalna inteligencija bit će sagledana u kontekstu modela Petera Saloveya i Johna D. Mayera, budući se on pokazao najobuhvatnijim i jednim od najčešće korištenih modela posljednjih godina. Kao i kod prosocijalnog ponašanja, prikazat će se razvoj i korelati razvoja emocionalne inteligencije, pojasniti metodološka pitanja u istraživanjima emocionalne inteligencije te objasniti spolne razlike. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju kako je veća pojavnost prosocijalnog ponašanja kod emocionalno inteligentnijih osoba. Spolne razlike se javljaju ovisno o vrsti prosocijalnog ponašanja. Osobe ženskog spola se prosocijalnije ponašanju u okruženju bližnjih dok su osobe muškog spola u većoj mjeri prosocijalne prema neznancima te u rizičnijim situacijama. Navedene spoznaje mogu se primijeniti u području obrazovanja djece i adolescenata s ciljem povećanja zastupljenosti prilagođenog i socijalno poželjnog ponašanja, kao što je prosocijalno ponašanje