The photon-photon interaction at low xx in the theory of reggeized gluons with a running coupling and Nc→∞N_{c}\to\infty

The forward elastic amplitude for scattering of real and weakly virtual photons is studied in the framework of the theory of reggeized gluons, with large $N_{c}$ and a running coupling constant introduced in the manner which preserves the bootstrap condition. Transition from a single to multiple pomeron exchanges is observed as $x$ gets smaller. For very low $x$ the amplitude aquires an eikonal form. The photon structure function reveals a strong violation of scaling: it grows as $Q^{2}$. As a function of $x$ it behaves as $(\ln(1/x)\ln\ln(1/x))^{2}$. Correspondingly the cross-section for physical photons grows with energy as $(\ln s\ln\ln s)^{2}$. Hadronic structure functions and cross-sections are also briefly discussed.Comment: 12 pages, LATE

Generalized Coordinate Gauge, Nonabelian Stokes Theorem and Dual QCD Lagrangian

This paper is an extended version of hep-th/9802134. Dual QCD Lagrangian is derived by making use of the generalized coordinate gauge, where 1-form (vector potential) is expressed as an integral of the 2-form (field strength) along an (arbitrary) contour. As another application a simple proof of the nonabelian Stokes theorem is given.Comment: LaTeX 13 pages, no figure

Mixed Layer Sub-Mesoscale Parameterization - Part 1: Derivation and Assessment

Several studies have shown that sub-mesoscales (SM 1km horizontal scale) play an important role in mixed layer dynamics. In particular, high resolution simulations have shown that in the case of strong down-front wind, the re-stratification induced by the SM is of the same order of the de-stratification induced by small scale turbulence, as well as of that induced by the Ekman velocity. These studies have further concluded that it has become necessary to include SM in ocean global circulation models (OGCMs), especially those used in climate studies. The goal of our work is to derive and assess an analytic parameterization of the vertical tracer flux under baroclinic instabilities and wind of arbitrary directions and strength. To achieve this goal, we have divided the problem into two parts: first, in this work we derive and assess a parameterization of the SM vertical flux of an arbitrary tracer for ocean codes that resolve mesoscales, M, but not sub-mesoscales, SM. In Part 2, presented elsewhere, we have used the results of this work to derive a parameterization of SM fluxes for ocean codes that do not resolve either M or SM. To carry out the first part of our work, we solve the SM dynamic equations including the non-linear terms for which we employ a closure developed and assessed in previous work. We present a detailed analysis for down-front and up-front winds with the following results: (a) down-front wind (blowing in the direction of the surface geostrophic velocity) is the most favorable condition for generating vigorous SM eddies; the de-stratifying effect of the mean flow and re-stratifying effect of SM almost cancel each other out

Comparison of Four Mixed Layer Mesoscale Parameterizations and the Equation for an Arbitrary Tracer

In this paper we discuss two issues, the inter-comparison of four mixed layer mesoscale parameterizations and the search for the eddy induced velocity for an arbitrary tracer. It must be stressed that our analysis is limited to mixed layer mesoscales since we do not treat sub-mesoscales and small turbulent mixing. As for the first item, since three of the four parameterizations are expressed in terms of a stream function and a residual flux of the RMT formalism (residual mean theory), while the fourth is expressed in terms of vertical and horizontal fluxes, we needed a formalism to connect the two formulations. The standard RMT representation developed for the deep ocean cannot be extended to the mixed layer since its stream function does not vanish at the ocean's surface. We develop a new RMT representation that satisfies the surface boundary condition. As for the general form of the eddy induced velocity for an arbitrary tracer, thus far, it has been assumed that there is only the one that originates from the curl of the stream function. This is because it was assumed that the tracer residual flux is purely diffusive. On the other hand, we show that in the case of an arbitrary tracer, the residual flux has also a skew component that gives rise to an additional bolus velocity. Therefore, instead of only one bolus velocity, there are now two, one coming from the curl of the stream function and other from the skew part of the residual flux. In the buoyancy case, only one bolus velocity contributes to the mean buoyancy equation since the residual flux is indeed only diffusive

РОССИЙСКИЕ ИСТОЧНИКИ XVIII–XIX ВЕКОВ О КОНФЛИКТАХ В КАЗАХСКОЙ СТЕПИ И УЧАСТИИ В НИХ УРАЛЬСКОГО КАЗАЧЕСТВА

Purpose. The purpose of this article is to show the complexity and ambiguity of relations between Kazakhs and Russian military (primarily Cossacks) during the advance of Russia in the Kazakh steppe and Central Asia, as well as a reflection of this problem in different sources.Methodology. In the course of the work, we have used diverse sources that shed light on this issue. Among them, documents of XVIII–XIX centuries, mainly from the State archive of Orenburg region (GAOO), as well as from the military historical archive (RGVIA). Used the documents collected by the Lieutenant of the General staff, A.D. Ryabinin, the importance of which is associated with the fact that the archive of the Ural Cossack troops lost during the civil war. Not less important are two major works of officers, military historians and theorists M.I. Iva­nin and M.A. Terentyev directly involved in the campaigns through the Kazakh steppe and the annexation of Central Asia. To a lesser extent the materials used other “sources” of the XIX century the Ural Cossack officers I.I. Zheleznov, N.G. Makushin, and also serving at the Orenburg military Governor V. I. Dahl. An important source is and “Uralskiye voiskoviye vedomostie” – the only newspaper published in the Ural Cossack army in the last third of the XIX century.Results. All these sources allow us to draw some important conclusions. They clearly indicate that the South-Eastern outskirts of Russia was long subjected to raids “nomads”, and it has developed most of the border of the Cossack population sustained hostility to the nomadic neighbors. The hostility persisted for a long time, but during the nineteenth century it was gradually decreasing due to the socio-political and economic changes in parallel decreased and the number of conflicts. The Russian military sometimes showed excessive cruelty, and their commanders, carrying out orders from above, was not always true in the Kazakh population. But it was not the main trend. Tthe Kazakh society was not monolithic. Not all members of the nobility enjoyed respect and authority among the common people; many khans and sultans needed a personal guard from their own wards, which was carried out by Cossacks. The mores of various Kazakh tribes and clans often had significant differences, caused by different factors, including geographical. Most often, conflicts, unrest and rebellion occurred in Western Kazakhstan (the Kazakh Small Zhuz) and the rebellious and warlike, there was a kind of “Adai”. Difficult was the attitude of the Kazakhs not only with the Cossacks (or in General with the Russians), but also with other neighbors – Uzbeks, Turkmen and other, sometimes leading to bloody clashes. At the same time, sources reveal that took place and positive cooperation with the Kazakhs and their elites in different fields – political, military, economic, cultural.Practical implications. The information in this article can be used by historians, ethnographers, other scientific and scientific-pedagogical employees, as well as all those interested in the history of Russian-Kazakh relations.Цель. Цель данной статьи – показать сложность и неоднозначность отношений между казахами и русскими военными (прежде всего казаками) в период продвижения России в казахскую степь и Среднюю Азию, а также отражение данной проблемы в различных источниках.Метод или методология проведения работы. В ходе проведения работы были использованы разноплановые источники, проливающие свет на данную проблему. Среди них документы XVIII–XIX веков, в основном, из Государственного архива Оренбургской области (ГАОО), а также из военно-исторического архива (РГВИА). Использованы также документы, собранные поручиком генштаба А.Д. Рябининым, важность которых связана и с тем, что архив Уральского казачьего войска пропал в годы гражданской войны. Не менее важными представляются две крупные работы офицеров, военных историков и теоретиков М.И. Иванина и М.А. Терентьева, принимавших непосредственное участие в походах через казахскую степь и в присоединении Средней Азии. В меньшей степени использованы материалы других «живых источников» XIX века – уральских казачьих офицеров И.И. Железнова и Н.Г. Мякушина, а также служившего при Оренбургском военном губернаторе В.И. Даля. Важным источником являются и «Уральские войсковые ведомости» – единственная газета, издававшаяся в Уральском казачьем войске в последней трети XIX века.Результаты. Все эти источники позволяют сделать ряд важных заключений. Они ярко свидетельствуют, что юго-восточные окраины России долго подвергались набегам «степняков», и это выработало у большинства пограничного казачьего населения устойчивую неприязнь к кочевым соседям. Неприязнь сохранялась долгое время, но в течение XIX века она постепенно снижалась вследствие социально-политических и экономических изменений, параллельно сокращалось и число конфликтов. Российские военные иногда проявляли излишнюю жестокость, а их командиры, выполняя указания свыше, не всегда были справедливы в отношении казахского населения. Но это не было основной тенденцией. Казахское общество было отнюдь не монолитно. Далеко не все представители знати пользовались уважением и авторитетом у простых людей; многие ханы и султаны нуждались в личной охране от своих же подопечных, которую осуществляли казаки. Нравы различных казахских родов и жузов порой имели существенные различия, обусловленные разными факторами, в том числе географическими. Чаще всего конфликты, волнения и мятежи происходили в Западном Казахстане (в Младшем казахском жузе), а самым непокорным и воинственным здесь был род «адай». Сложными были отношения казахов не только с казаками (или в целом с русскими), но и с другими соседями – узбеками, туркменами и прочими, порой приводившие к кровавым столкновениям. В то же время, источники свидетельствуют, что имело место и позитивное сотрудничество с казахами и их знатью в разных областях – политической, военной, хозяйственной, культурной.Область применения результатов. Данные этой статьи могут использоваться историками, краеведами, другими научными и научно-педагогическими работниками, а также всеми, кто интересуется историей русско-казахских отношений

Instanton-induced contributions to structure functions of deep inelastic scattering

We identify and calculate the instanton-induced contributions to deep inelastic scattering which correspond to nonperturbative exponential corrections to the coefficient functions in front of parton distributions of the leading twist.Comment: MPI-Ph/92-89 , LATEX, 15 pages, 3 figures incl. as uu-encoded fil

Three-Dimensional, Space-Dependent Mesoscale Diffusivity: Derivation and Implications

Recently, we presented a parameterization of an arbitrary tracer 3D mesoscale flux that describes both diabatic and adiabatic regimes without using arbitrary tapering functions. However, we did not parameterize the mesoscale diffusivity, which is the subject of this work. A key difference between the present and previous diffusivity parameterizations is that in the latter, the two main ingredients, mesoscale drift velocity and eddy kinetic energy, were not parameterized but determined using present data, which deprives the models of predictive power. Since winds, stratification, etc., are predicted to change in the future, use of these parameterizations to study future climate scenarios becomes questionable. In this work, we parameterize drift velocity and eddy kinetic energy (verticalhorizontal components), which we first assess with data [WOCE, TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P), and North Atlantic Tracer Release Experiment (NATRE)] and then use in a coarse-resolution stand-alone ocean code under Coordinated Ocean-Ice Reference Experiment I (CORE-I) forcing. We present results for the global ocean temperature and salinity, Atlantic overturning circulation, meridional heat transport, and Drake Passage transport, which we compare with several previous studies. The temperature drift is less than that of five of seven previous OGCMs, and the salinity drift is among the smallest in those studies. The predicted winter Antarctic Circumpolar Current mixed layer depths (MLDs) are in good agreement with the data. Predicting the correct MLD is important in climate studies since models that predict very deep mixed layers transfer more of the radiative perturbation to the deep ocean, reducing surface warming (and vice versa)

From Hard to Soft Diffraction and Return

The long standing mystery of smallness of diffractive dissociation of hadrons to large effective masses (the Pomeron-proton cross section is only 2 mb) witnesses that the gluonic clouds of valence quarks are so small (r_0=0.3fm) that soft interaction hardly resolves those gluons (diffraction is \propto r_0^4). A color-dipole light-cone (LC) approach is developed which incorporates a strong nonperturbative interaction of the LC gluons. The energy dependent part of the total hadronic cross section is calculated in a parameter-free way employing the nonperturbative LC wave functions of the quark-gluon Fock states. It rises with energy as s^\Delta, and we predict \Delta=0.17 +/- 0.01, as well as the normalization. However, the energy independent part of the cross section related to inelastic collisions with no gluon radiated (gluons are not resolved) cannot be calculated reliably and we treat it as an adjustable parameter which is fixed fitting just one experimental point for total cross section. Then the energy dependence of the total cross section (the Pomeron part) and the elastic slope are fully predicted, as well as the effective Pomeron trajectory in impact parameter space, in a good agreement with data. These results naturally explain the x-dependence of the diffractive DIS observed at HERA. Although diffraction is expected to be dominated by soft interactions the observed effective \Delta is about twice as large as one (0.08) known for total cross sections. Diffractive excitations of large effective mass correspond to diffractive gluon radiation and should be associated with our calculated \Delta.Comment: Latex 8 pages including 4 figures. Invited talk at the Workshop Diffraction'2000, Cetraro, Italy, Sept. 200