Diversité génétique du bénitier (Tridacna maxima) en Polynésie française et réponse au stress thermique : une approche intégrée de génomique fonctionnelle

Giant clams are endangered species but Tridacna maxima is still well represented in French Polynesia. Firstly, the genetic structure assessment has led to the discovery of a monophyletic group composed of two new T. maxima clades in French Polynesia which cohabite over a large area with a North-West South-East axis on either side of which, one of each clade is dominant: “North Mapiko” (Tuamotu group) and “South Mapiko” (other archipelagos group). Interconnectivity between different island giant clam populations is not consistent with the present flow of oceanic currents. These results, along with those obtained for Tongian and Fidjian samples, allowed us to suggest hypothesis regarding the giant clam colonization of French Polynesia and the factors which may have influenced the present connectivity. French Polynesian T. maxima was found to have a lower genetic diversity compared to those from Indo-Pacific region, and so considered to be relatively more vulnerable to environmental global changes. Stress adaptation capacity of giant clam was assessed by the follow-up of the metabolite composition and gene expression variations during a thermal time course experiment. Giant clam fatty acid composition was established for the first time and its variation was evaluated along the stress experiment. Impact of the thermal stress on the metabolite composition and gene expression were disclosed. Variation in fatty acids compositions was observed and linked to variation in some specific gene expression. Impact of giant clam proximity with corals and impact of a second supplementary applied stress were also assessed. Study of Symbiodinium symbiosis with giant clam showed that giant clam resistance and adaptation capacity observed for 15 days was independent of symbiotic community behavior. Key words : Tridacna maxima, giant clam, French Polynesia, genetic diversity, thermal stress, integrative approach, transcriptomic, metabolomic, Symbiodinium.Les bénitiers font partie des espèces protégées, mais l’espèce Tridacna maxima reste encore très présente en Polynésie française. L’étude de sa structure génétique a permis de caractériser pour la première fois une lignée monophylétique de bénitiers en Polynésie Française, composée de deux clades distincts répartis de part et d’autre d’un axe nord-ouest/sud-est séparant majoritairement les populations des Tuamotu (mapiko nord) de celles des autres archipels (mapiko sud). La connectivité entre les populations des différentes îles n’est pas cohérente avec les courants océaniques de surface actuels en Polynésie française. Ces résultats, et ceux obtenus sur des bénitiers provenant de Fidji et de Tonga, ont permis d’émettre des hypothèses sur la colonisation de la Polynésie française par les bénitiers et les facteurs qui ont influencé la connectivité actuelle. Présentant une plus faible diversité génétique que les populations de T. maxima de la région Indo-Pacifique, celles de Polynésie française pourraient être plus vulnérables aux changements environnementaux. La capacité d’adaptation au stress des bénitiers a été étudiée par une étude intégrée des variations de la composition en métabolites et de l’expression génique lors d’expériences de réchauffement. La composition en acides gras des bénitiers a notamment été établie pour la première fois lors de nos travaux, et sa variation évaluée au cours du stress. Les données de transcriptomiques ont pour la première fois mise à jour les voies de réponses au stress thermique chez les bénitiers dont certaines semblent corrélées aux variations observées de la composition en acide gras. L’effet de la proximité des bénitiers avec les coraux dans le milieu et l’impact d’un second type de stress supplémentaire ont également été évalués. L’étude des Symbiodinium des bénitiers a permis de montrer que leur résistance et leur capacité d’adaptation au stress d’une durée de 15 jours seraient indépendantes des communautés symbiotiques. Mots clé : Tridacna maxima, bénitier, Polynésie française, diversité génétique, stress thermique, étude intégrée, transcriptomique, métabolomique, Symbiodinium

Genetic diversity of giant clams (Tridacna maxima) in French Polynesia and response to thermal stress : An integrated approach to functional genomics

Les bénitiers font partie des espèces protégées, mais l’espèce Tridacna maxima reste encore très présente en Polynésie française. L’étude de sa structure génétique a permis de caractériser pour la première fois une lignée monophylétique de bénitiers en Polynésie Française, composée de deux clades distincts répartis de part et d’autre d’un axe nord-ouest/sud-est séparant majoritairement les populations des Tuamotu (mapiko nord) de celles des autres archipels (mapiko sud). La connectivité entre les populations des différentes îles n’est pas cohérente avec les courants océaniques de surface actuels en Polynésie française. Ces résultats, et ceux obtenus sur des bénitiers provenant de Fidji et de Tonga, ont permis d’émettre des hypothèses sur la colonisation de la Polynésie française par les bénitiers et les facteurs qui ont influencé la connectivité actuelle. Présentant une plus faible diversité génétique que les populations de T. maxima de la région Indo-Pacifique, celles de Polynésie française pourraient être plus vulnérables aux changements environnementaux. La capacité d’adaptation au stress des bénitiers a été étudiée par une étude intégrée des variations de la composition en métabolites et de l’expression génique lors d’expériences de réchauffement. La composition en acides gras des bénitiers a notamment été établie pour la première fois lors de nos travaux, et sa variation évaluée au cours du stress. Les données de transcriptomiques ont pour la première fois mise à jour les voies de réponses au stress thermique chez les bénitiers dont certaines semblent corrélées aux variations observées de la composition en acide gras. L’effet de la proximité des bénitiers avec les coraux dans le milieu et l’impact d’un second type de stress supplémentaire ont également été évalués. L’étude des Symbiodinium des bénitiers a permis de montrer que leur résistance et leur capacité d’adaptation au stress d’une durée de 15 jours seraient indépendantes des communautés symbiotiques. Mots clé : Tridacna maxima, bénitier, Polynésie française, diversité génétique, stress thermique, étude intégrée, transcriptomique, métabolomique, Symbiodinium.Giant clams are endangered species but Tridacna maxima is still well represented in French Polynesia. Firstly, the genetic structure assessment has led to the discovery of a monophyletic group composed of two new T. maxima clades in French Polynesia which cohabite over a large area with a North-West South-East axis on either side of which, one of each clade is dominant: “North Mapiko” (Tuamotu group) and “South Mapiko” (other archipelagos group). Interconnectivity between different island giant clam populations is not consistent with the present flow of oceanic currents. These results, along with those obtained for Tongian and Fidjian samples, allowed us to suggest hypothesis regarding the giant clam colonization of French Polynesia and the factors which may have influenced the present connectivity. French Polynesian T. maxima was found to have a lower genetic diversity compared to those from Indo-Pacific region, and so considered to be relatively more vulnerable to environmental global changes. Stress adaptation capacity of giant clam was assessed by the follow-up of the metabolite composition and gene expression variations during a thermal time course experiment. Giant clam fatty acid composition was established for the first time and its variation was evaluated along the stress experiment. Impact of the thermal stress on the metabolite composition and gene expression were disclosed. Variation in fatty acids compositions was observed and linked to variation in some specific gene expression. Impact of giant clam proximity with corals and impact of a second supplementary applied stress were also assessed. Study of Symbiodinium symbiosis with giant clam showed that giant clam resistance and adaptation capacity observed for 15 days was independent of symbiotic community behavior. Key words : Tridacna maxima, giant clam, French Polynesia, genetic diversity, thermal stress, integrative approach, transcriptomic, metabolomic, Symbiodinium

Feuilles D'Album Pour Piano

FEUILLES D'ALBUM POUR PIANO Feuilles D'Album Pour Piano ([1]) Titelseite ([1]) Noten (1

Considérations sur les dernières communications au sujet du traitement de la diphtérie / par M. Dubousquet-Laborderie

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Existence of two novel and non-sectorized clades of the giant clam Tridacna maxima in French Polynesia: implications for connectivity and origin

Giant clams are widely depleted with the exception of French Polynesia, where the dominant species, Tridacna maxima, is still exploited. Here, we report the first genetic structure analysis of T. maxima samples, issued from 4 polynesian archipelagos and spread on a surface of about 4 millions square kilometers. This study was based on both mitochondrial (COI and 16S) and nuclear (18S) sequences and led to the discovery of two new T. maxima clades, which diverged 1.5 millions of years before present. French Polynesian clades cohabite over a large area with a North-West South-East axis on either side of which, one of each clade is dominant. Contrary to the strong genetic structuration observed in the T. maxima population in Indo- and West Pacific, we show here that the populations are widely interconnected, except in Tuamotu archipelago. This is underlined by a high connectivity between distant islands and archipelagos, which is independent from the direction of the oceanic currents. Altogether our data bring growing evidences of a progression of both clades in French Polynesia, one south and one north

Histoire de quelques corps étrangers : communication faite à la Société de médecine et de chirurgie pratiques de Paris, séance du 4 octobre 1900 / par le Dr Dubousquet-Laborderie et René Klein,...

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Changes in fatty acid composition in the giant clam Tridacna maxima in response to thermal stress

International audienceTemperature can modify membrane fluidity and thus affects cellular functions and physiological activities. This study examines lipid remodelling in the marine symbiotic organism, Tridacna maxima, during a time series of induced thermal stress, with an emphasis on the morphology of their symbiont Symbiodinium. First, we show that the French Polynesian giant clams harbour an important proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA), which reflects their tropical location. Second, in contrast to most marine organisms, the total lipid content in giant clams remained constant under stress, though some changes in their composition were shown. Third, the stress-induced changes in fatty acid (FA) diversity were accompanied by an upregulation of genes involved in lipids and ROS pathways. Finally, our microscopic analysis revealed that for the giant clam's symbiont, Symbiodinium, thermal stress led to two sequential cell death processes. Our data suggests that the degradation of Symbiodinium cells could provide an additional source of energy to T. maxima in response to heat stress

Dimethylsulfoniopropionate concentration in coral reef invertebrates varies according to species assemblages

International audienceDimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is a key compound in the marine sulfur cycle, and is produced in large quantities in coral reefs. In addition to Symbiodiniaceae, corals and associated bacteria have recently been shown to play a role in DMSp metabolism. numerous ecological studies have focused on DMSP concentrations in corals, which led to the hypothesis that increases in DMSP levels might be a general response to stress. Here we used multiple species assemblages of three common Indo-Pacific holobionts, the scleractinian corals Pocillopora damicornis and Acropora cytherea, and the giant clam Tridacna maxima and examined the DMSP concentrations associated with each species within different assemblages and thermal conditions. Results showed that the concentration of DMSp in A. cytherea and T. maxima is modulated according to the complexity of species assemblages. to determine the potential importance of symbiotic dinoflagellates in DMSP production, we then explored the relative abundance of Symbiodiniaceae clades in relation to DMSP levels using metabarcoding, and found no significant correlation between these factors. Finally, this study also revealed the existence of homologs involved in DMSP production in giant clams, suggesting for the first time that, like corals, they may also contribute to DMSP production. Taken together, our results demonstrated that corals and giant clams play important roles in the sulfur cycle. Because DMSp production varies in response to specific species-environment interactions, this study offers new perspectives for future global sulfur cycling research

Insights into the genetic makeup of French Polynesian peripheral populations of the small giant clam Tridacna maxima

The small giant clam, Tridacna maxima, is distributed from the Red Sea and East African coast to French Polynesia. Across this widespread Indo‐Pacific range, T. maxima shows strong population structure, in agreement with its limited dispersal abilities. Peripheral populations may have smaller effective population sizes, increasing their vulnerability under any environmental changes. Understanding evolutionary processes at play in such regions located at the edges of T. maxima distribution is a prerequisite in the context of transfers and restocking programmes. In this study, giant clams were sampled from 14 atolls and islands within four archipelagos in the peripheral region of French Polynesia, in 2001–2002 and/or in 2012–2013, then genotyped at the COI gene and at nine microsatellite loci. Mitochondrial lineages of T. maxima from French Polynesia diverged from those sampled in Micronesia, Melanesia, the Coral Triangle and the Red Sea by 6.6–7.3%. Within French Polynesia, significant genetic structure was found, indicating restricted gene flow, and it was stable through time. Most of the genetic variation at microsatellite loci was between archipelagos. The most differentiated archipelago was the most geographically isolated (the Austral Islands). The current patterns of genetic structuring of T. maxima in French Polynesia probably result from long‐term genetic isolation with limited dispersal ability. In addition, these results underlined that sufficiently large populations of T. maxima have persisted in the Central Pacific during the last sea‐level regression. Strategies to optimize transfers and restocking programmes should be designed to preserve the genetic diversity and structure observed here, to avoid the risks of altering the genetic structure, allele loss and/or introduction of maladapted alleles in the receiving populations