A transduction path method of solid state sensor analysis and investigation

This paper proposes a "transduction path" method of analysis for solid state sensors. It is based upon the idea that a sensor represents a transduction path from some input measurand to an electrical output. The transduction path may consist of one or more transduction or modification principles drawn from all fields of science. Also proposed is a "transduction path diagram" which provides a graphical representation of a transduction path. Background material concerning the development and description of solid state sensors is presented. Sensor measurands are identified and categorized by energy form. The known transduction and modification principles are presented as fundamental building blocks of the transduction path and cross-indexed by measurand. The transduction path diagram is introduced and examples of existing single and multistep transducers are presented. Finally, the transduction path method is shown to be valuable as a systematic method of investigating sensor configurations.http://archive.org/details/transductionpath00dubaLieutenant, United States Coast GuardApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited

Calculation of Proteins' Total Side-Chain Torsional Entropy and Its Influence on Protein-Ligand Interactions

Despite the high density within a typical protein fold, the ensemble of sterically permissible side-chain repackings is vast. Here, we examine the extent of this variability that survives energetic biases due to van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonding, salt bridges, and solvation. Monte Carlo simulations of an atomistic model exhibit thermal fluctuations among a diverse set of side-chain arrangements, even with the peptide backbone fixed in its crystallographic conformation. We have quantified the torsional entropy of this native-state ensemble, relative to that of a noninteracting reference system, for 12 small proteins. The reduction in entropy per rotatable bond due to each kind of interaction is remarkably consistent across this set of molecules. To assess the biophysical importance of these fluctuations, we have estimated side-chain entropy contributions to the binding affinity of several peptide ligands with calmodulin. Calculations for our fixed-backbone model correlate very well with experimentally determined binding entropies over a range spanning more than 80 kJ/(mol·308 K)

Electron-Phonon Scattering in Metallic Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Electron scattering rates in metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes are studied using an atomic force microscope as an electrical probe. From the scaling of the resistance of the same nanotube with length in the low and high bias regimes, the mean free paths for both regimes are inferred. The observed scattering rates are consistent with calculations for acoustic phonon scattering at low biases and zone boundary/optical phonon scattering at high biases.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure

A simple model for the vibrational modes in honeycomb lattices

The classical lattice dynamics of honeycomb lattices is studied in the harmonic approximation. Interactions between nearest neighbors are represented by springs connecting them. A short and necessary introduction of the lattice structure is presented. The dynamical matrix of the vibrational modes is then derived, and its eigenvalue problem is solved analytically. The solution may provide deeper insight into the nature of the vibrational modes. Numerical results for the vibrational frequencies are presented. To show that how effective our method used for the case of honeycomb lattice is, we also apply it to triangular and square lattice structures. A few suggested problems are listed in the concluding section.Comment: 9 pages, 12 figures, submitted to American Journal of Physic

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) distinguish Indian-origin and Chinese-origin rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

BACKGROUND: Rhesus macaques serve a critical role in the study of human biomedical research. While both Indian and Chinese rhesus macaques are commonly used, genetic differences between these two subspecies affect aspects of their behavior and physiology, including response to simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can play an important role in both establishing ancestry and in identifying genes involved in complex diseases. We sequenced the 3' end of rhesus macaque genes in an effort to identify gene-based SNPs that could distinguish between Indian and Chinese rhesus macaques and aid in association analysis. RESULTS: We surveyed the 3' end of 94 genes in 20 rhesus macaque animals. The study included 10 animals each of Indian and Chinese ancestry. We identified a total of 661 SNPs, 457 of which appeared exclusively in one or the other population. Seventy-nine additional animals were genotyped at 44 of the population-exclusive SNPs. Of those, 38 SNPs were confirmed as being population-specific. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that the 3' end of genes is rich in sequence polymorphisms and is suitable for the efficient discovery of gene-linked SNPs. In addition, the results show that the genomic sequences of Indian and Chinese rhesus macaque are remarkably divergent, and include numerous population-specific SNPs. These ancestral SNPs could be used for the rapid scanning of rhesus macaques, both to establish animal ancestry and to identify gene alleles that may contribute to the phenotypic differences observed in these populations

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) Distinguish Indian-Origin and Chinese-Origin Rhesus Macaques (Macaca Mulatta)

BACKGROUND: Rhesus macaques serve a critical role in the study of human biomedical research. While both Indian and Chinese rhesus macaques are commonly used, genetic differences between these two subspecies affect aspects of their behavior and physiology, including response to simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can play an important role in both establishing ancestry and in identifying genes involved in complex diseases. We sequenced the 3\u27 end of rhesus macaque genes in an effort to identify gene-based SNPs that could distinguish between Indian and Chinese rhesus macaques and aid in association analysis. RESULTS: We surveyed the 3\u27 end of 94 genes in 20 rhesus macaque animals. The study included 10 animals each of Indian and Chinese ancestry. We identified a total of 661 SNPs, 457 of which appeared exclusively in one or the other population. Seventy-nine additional animals were genotyped at 44 of the population-exclusive SNPs. Of those, 38 SNPs were confirmed as being population-specific. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that the 3\u27 end of genes is rich in sequence polymorphisms and is suitable for the efficient discovery of gene-linked SNPs. In addition, the results show that the genomic sequences of Indian and Chinese rhesus macaque are remarkably divergent, and include numerous population-specific SNPs. These ancestral SNPs could be used for the rapid scanning of rhesus macaques, both to establish animal ancestry and to identify gene alleles that may contribute to the phenotypic differences observed in these populations

Trends in AIDS-defining and non-AIDS-defining malignancies among HIV-infected patients: 1989-2002

In a comparison of rates of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining malignancies (ADMs) for 1989-1996 versus 1997-2002, we found a decrease in ADMs (rate ratio, 0.31; P\u3c.0001) and a significant increase in non-AIDS-defining malignancies (non-ADMs; rate ratio, 10.87; P\u3c.0002). The mean CD4 cell count was lower among patients with ADMs than among those with non-ADMs. A longer duration of survival during highly active antiretroviral therapy might explain the increasing incidence of non-ADMs

Phonon and plasmon excitation in inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy of graphite

The inelastic electron tunneling spectrum (IETS)of highly oriented pyrolitic graphite (HOPG) has been measured with scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) at 6K. The observed spectral features are in very good agreement with the vibrational density of states (vDOS) of graphite calculated from first principles. We discuss the enhancement of certain phonon modes by phonon-assisted tunneling in STS based on the restrictions imposed by the electronic structure of graphite. We also demonstrate for the first time the local excitation of surface-plasmons in IETS which are detected at an energy of 40 meV.Comment: PRB rapid communication, submitte