Power transfer stabilization of the three-phase contactless energy transfer desktop by means of coil commutation

In this paper, a method for removing the "dead spots" and stabilizing the position-sensitive power transfer efficiency in a three-phase contactless energy transfer desktop is presented. "Dead spots" result from the non-uniform distribution of the primary coils’ magnetic field intensities and the out-ofphase currents they are excited with. When the secondary coil is inside a "dead spot" there is no induced voltage, secondary current, or power transfer. The primary controller can not distinguish between a "dead spot" and a fully charged "receiving device" drawing no current. In this work it is shown, that a temporary unbalancing of the currents inside an activated primary coil cluster will result in an induced secondary voltage. The resultant secondary current flow will produce changes in the primary coils’ voltage and phase which can be detected by the primary controller. Following this method, the primary controller can detect "dead spots" and remove them by disabling and energizing different primary coils

Nonlinear and vector closed-loop control methods for flying-capacitor power converters

In this paper, the design and implementation of two different, nonlinear and vector, closed-loop control methods for flying-capacitor power converters are proposed and evaluated. Specific focus has been given to the decoupling problem, the influence of the balancing compensator on the output voltage reference tracking controller. In the first method, the coupling between the internal voltage balancing dynamics and the external load dynamics is solved in the pulse-width modulator by means of vector modulation. In the second method, input–output decoupling is achieved by feedback linearization to resolve the nonlinearity caused by switching the flying-capacitor voltage state. For both methods, classical linear control theory is applied in the design of a feedback control law. The theoretic evaluation is supported by simulation and experimental results

Nonlinear and vector closed-loop control methods for flying-capacitor power converters

In this paper, the design and implementation of two different, nonlinear and vector, closed-loop control methods for flying-capacitor power converters are proposed and evaluated. Specific focus has been given to the decoupling problem, the influence of the balancing compensator on the output voltage reference tracking controller. In the first method, the coupling between the internal voltage balancing dynamics and the external load dynamics is solved in the pulse-width modulator by means of vector modulation. In the second method, input–output decoupling is achieved by feedback linearization to resolve the nonlinearity caused by switching the flying-capacitor voltage state. For both methods, classical linear control theory is applied in the design of a feedback control law. The theoretic evaluation is supported by simulation and experimental results

Contactless Planar Actuator with Manipulator

The accuracy and reliability of high-precision machines is compromised by friction and disturbances due to cables to moving machine parts. These problems can be solved by applying three contactless techniques in one system: contactless generation of forces and torques, contactless energy transfer to a moving load and wireless control. This paper presents an overview of the research performed at Eindhoven University of Technology to create a contactless planar actuator with manipulator, a system which combines all three contactless techniques

Accurate magnetic field calculations for contactless energy transfer coils

In this paper, a method for estimating the magnetic field intensity from hexagon spiral windings commonly found in contactless energy transfer applications is presented. The hexagonal structures are modeled in a magneto-static environment using Biot-Savart current stick vectors. The accuracy of the models are evaluated by mapping the current sticks and the hexagon spiral winding tracks to a local twodimensional plane, and comparing their two-dimensional magnetic field intensities. The accuracy of the magnetic field intensity calculations can then be improved by employing the mesh matrix method. To demonstrate the presented method, the magnetic field intensity distribution of a hexagon spiral winding is calculated using single filament substitution and compared with the mesh matrix-based improved current filament model. Distinct differences between the two distributions are noted, which confirms the need and advantages of using the model presented in this paper, especially when highly accurate results are require

Evaluation Of The Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Candesartan Cilexetil And Felodipine

The study was performed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic interaction of test formulation of candesartan 16 mg tablet and felodipine extended release 5 mg tablet together in a combination package, comparing with the fasting period intake of commercial formulations of both Atacand® 16 mg tablet and Splendil® extended release 5 mg tablet (Test formulation and reference formulation from AstraZeneca, Brazil) in 36 volunteers of both sexes. The study was conducted open with randomized three period crossover design and a one week wash out period. The candesartan and felodipine were analyzed by LC-MS-MS. The mean ratio of parameters Cmax and AUC0-t and 90% confidence intervals of correspondents were calculated to determine the pharmacokinetic interaction. Geometric mean of candesartan exposure together in a combination package felodipine individual percent ratio was 102.51% AUC0-t and 110.40% for Cmax. The 90% confidence intervals were 90.00 - 116.77% and 93.94 - 129.74%, respectively. Geometric mean of felodipine exposure together in a combination package candesartan individual percent ratio was 102.69% AUC0-t and 96.17% for Cmax. The 90% confidence intervals were 89.46 - 117.88% and 82.07 - 112.69%, respectively. The major variable in this respect, AUC, was not signicantly affected by felodipine and candesartan with concomitant administration. The Cmax of candesartan was not signicantly affected by co-administration of felodipine. Based on these data and in presence in the market of isolated candersatana and felodipino formularizations used in combination in medical practice, it is concluded that there are no risk with concomitant administration between felodipine and candesartan.© 2011 Abib Jr E, et al.31510Blyckert, E., Wingstrand, K., Edgar, B., Lidman, K., Plasma concentration profiles® and antihypertensive effect of conventional and extended release felodipine tablets (1990) Br J Clin Pharmacol, 29, pp. 39-45Blychert, E., Edgar, B., Elmfeldt, D., Hedner, T., A population study of the pharmacokinetics of felodipine (1991) Blood Press, 31, pp. 15-24Blychert, E., Felodipine pharmacokinetics and plasma concentration vs effect relationships (1992) Blood Press, 2, pp. 1-30Dahlöf, B., Andersson, O.K., A felodipine-metoprolol extended-release tablet: Its properties and clinical development (1995) J Hum Hypertens, 9, pp. 43-47Dunselman, P.H., Edgar, B., Felodipine clinical pharmacokinetics (1991) Clin Pharmacokinet, 21, pp. 418-430Edgar, B., Regardh, C., Lundborg, G., Romare, P.S., Nyberg, G., Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic studies of felodipine in healthy subjects after various single, oral and intravenous doses (1987) Biopharm. Drug Dispos, 8, pp. 235-248Eriksson, M., Nyberg, G., Lidman, K., Aiming for steady 24-hour plasma concentrations: A comparison of two calcium antagonist and beta-blocker combinations (1993) Blood Press Suppl, 1, pp. 16-21Gleiter, C.H., Morike, K.E., Clinical pharmacokinetics of candesartan (2002) Clin Pharmacokinet, 41, pp. 07-17Gradman, A.H., Lewin, A., Bowling, B.T., For the candesartan versus losartan efficacy comparison (CANDLE) study group. Comparative effects of candesartan cilexetil and losartan in patients with systemic hypertension (1999) Heart Dis, 1, pp. 52-57Hallin, L., Andren, L., Hansson, L., Controlled trial of nifedipine and bendroflumethiazide in hypertension (1983) J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 5, pp. 1083-1085Hansson, L., Zanchetti, A., Carruthers, S.G., Effects of intensive bloodpressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: Principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomized trial (1998) Lancet, 351, pp. 1755-1762Hedner, T., Sjogren, E., Elmfeldt, D., Antihypertensive effects and pharmacokinetics of felodipine combined with a,-blocker and, a diuretic (1987) J Cardiovasc Pharmac, 10, pp. 177-184Ikechi, G.O., Brian, L.R., Update on the role of candesartan in the optimal management of hypertension and cardiovascular risk reduction (2010) Integrated Blood Pressure Control, 3, pp. 45-55Kloner, R.A., Weinberger, M., Pool, J.L., For the comparison of candesartan and amlodipine for safety, tolerability and efficacy (CASTLE) study investigators. Comparative effects of candesartan cilexetil and amlodipine in patients with mild systemic hypertension (2001) Am J Cardiol, 87, pp. 727-731Little, W.C., Cheng, C.P., Elvelin, L., Vascular selective calcium entry blockers in the treatment of cardiovascuolar disorders: Focus on felodipine. Cardiovasc (1995) Drugs Ther, 9, pp. 657-663Maccarthy, E.P., Dihydropyridines and beta-adrenoceptor antagonists as combination treatment in hypertension (1987) J Hypertens, 5, pp. 133-137Macconnachie, A.M., Maclean, D., Low dose combination antihypertensive therapy: Additional efficacy without additional adverse effects (1995) Drug Saf, 12, pp. 85-90Mann, S.J., Gerber, L.M., Low-dose alpha/beta blockade in the treatment of essential hypertension (2001) Am J Hypertens, 14, pp. 553-558Matheson, A.J., Cheer, S.M., Goa, K.L., Perindopril/indapamide 2/0.625 mg/ day: A review of its place in the management of hypertension (2001) Drugs, 61, pp. 1211-1229McFayden, R.J., Reid, J.L., Angiotensin receptor antagonists as a treatment for hypertension (1994) J Hypertens, 12, pp. 1333-1338Melian, E.B., Jarvis, B., Candesartan cilexetil plus hydrochlorothiazide combination: A review of its use in hypertension (2002) Drugs, 62, pp. 787-816Messerli, F.H., Combination therapy in hypertension (1992) J HumHypertens, 6, pp. 19-21Messerli, F.H., Chander, K., Cardiac effects of combination therapy in hypertension (2000) J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 35, pp. 17-22Michalewicz, L., Messerli, F.H., Cardiac effects of calcium antagonists in systemic hypertension (1997) Am J Cardiol, 79, pp. 39-46Morgan, T., Anderson, A.A., Comparison of candesartan, felodipine, and their combination in the treatment of elderly patients with systolic hypertension (2002) Am J Hypertens, 15, pp. 544-549Morimoto, S., Ogibara, T., TCV-116: A new angiotensin n type-1 receptor antagonist (1994) Cardiovasc Drug Rev, 12, pp. 153-164Muller, J.E., Circadian variation in cardiovascular events (1999) AM J Hypertens, 12, pp. 35-42Nalbantgil, I., Önder, R., Kiliccioglu, B., Turkoglu, C., Combination therapy with verapamil and nitrendipine in patients with hypertension (1993) J Hum Hypertens, 7, pp. 305-308Nalbantgil, I., Önder, R., Nalbantgil, S., Sustained-release verapamil and trandolapril, alone and in combination, in the treatment of obese hypertensive patients: A double-blind pilot study (1996) Curr Ther Res Clin Exp, 57, pp. 990-997Nalbantgil, S., Nalbantgil, I., Önder, R., Clinically additive effect between doxazosin and amlodipine in the treatment of essential hypertension (2000) Am J Hypertens, 13, pp. 921-926Neutel, J.M., Low-dose antihypertensive combination therapy: Its rationale and role in cardiovascular risk management (1999) Am J Hypertens, 12, pp. 73-79Nishikawa, K., Naka, T., Chatani, F., Yoshimura, Y., Candesartan cilexetil: A review of its preclinical pharmacology (1997) J Human Hypertens, 11, pp. 9-17O'Brien, E.T., Mackinnon, J., Propranolol and polythiazide in the treatment of hypertension (1972) Br Heart J, 34, pp. 1042-1044Oparil, S., Levine, J.H., Zuschke, C.A., For the candesartan cilexetil study investigators. Effect of candesartan cilexetil in patients with severe systemic hypertension (1999) Am J Cardiol, 84, pp. 289-293Opie, L.H., Messerli, F.H., The choice of first-line therapy: Rationale for low-dose combinations of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and a diuretic (2001) J Hypertens Suppl, 19, pp. 17-21Philipp, T., Letzel, H., Arens, H.J., Dose-finding study of candesartan cilexetil plus hydrochlorothiazide in patients with mild to moderate hypertension (1997) J Hum Hypertens, 11, pp. 67-68Plouin, P.F., Combination therapy with candesartan cilexetil plus hydrochlorothiazide in patients unresponsive to low-dose hydrochlorothiazide (1997) J Hum Hypertens, 11, pp. 65-66Prichard, B.N., Combined alpha and beta receptor inhibition in the treatment of hypertension (1984) Drugs, 28, pp. 51-68Roca-Cusachs, A., Torres, F., Horas, M., Nitrendipine and enalapril combination therapy in mild to moderate hypertension: Assessment of doseresponse relationship by a clinical trial of factorial design (2001) J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 38, pp. 840-849Saltiel, E., Ellrodt, A.G., Monk, J.P., A Review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic use in hypertension (1988) Drugs, 36, pp. 387-428Sanem, N., Mehdi, Z., Filiz, O., Bahar, B., Istemi, N., Remzi, O., Mustafa, A., Comparison of candesartan and felodipine alone and combined in the treatment of hypertension: A single-center, double-blind, randomized, crossover trial (2003) Current Therapeutic Research, 64, pp. 380-388Schulman, D.S., Flores, A.R., Tugoen, J., Antihypertensive treatment in hypertensive patients with normal left ventricular remodeling and improved diastolic function (1996) Am J Cardiol, 78, pp. 56-60Sever, P.S., Poulter, N.R., Calcium antagonists and diuretics as combined therapy (1987) J Hypertens Suppl, 5, pp. 123-126Shibouta, Y., Pharmacological profile of a highly potent and long-acting angiotensin II receptor antagonist, 2-ethoxy-l-[[2'-(lH-tetrazol-5-yl]biphenyl-4-yl]methyl]- lH-benzimidazoie-7-carboxylic acid (CV-11974) and its prodrug, (+)-l-(cyciohexyioxycarbonyloxy)-ethyl-2-ethoxy-l-[[2'(lH-tetrazol5yl)biphenyl-4-yl]-methyl]-lH-benzimidazole-7-carboxylate (TCV-116] (1993) Pharmacol Exp Ther, 266, pp. 114-120Siegl, P.K.S., Kivlighn, S.D., Broten, T.P., Pharmacology of angiotensin II receptor antagonists: Comparison with renin inhibitors and angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors (1994) Expert Opin Invest Drugs, 3, pp. 925-944Sleight, P., Cardiac benefits of ACE inhibitors and calcium antagonists alone and in combination (1994) J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 23, pp. 39-42Song, H., Bao, W., Wang, H., An, G., Feny, J., Wang, R., Zhang, Y., An, F., Effects of extended release felodipine on endothelial vasoactive substances in patients with essential hypertension (2008) Clin Chem Lab Med, 46, pp. 393-395Timmermans, P.B., Wong, P.C., Chiu, A.T., Angiotensin II receptors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists (1993) Pharmacol Rev, 45, pp. 205-251Walton, T., Symes, L.R., Felodipine and isradipine: New calcium-channelblocking agents for the treatment of hypertension (1993) Clin Pharm, 12, pp. 261-275Weir, M.R., The rationale for combination versus single-entity therapy in hypertension (1998) Am J Hypertens, 11, pp. 163-169Wingstrand, K., Abrahamsson, B., Edgar, B., Bioavailability from felodipine extended release tablets with deferent dissolution properties (1990) Int J Pharm, 60, pp. 151-156Yao, R., Cheng, X., Liao, Y.H., Molecular mechanisms of felodipine suppressing atheroscelerosis in high-cholesteroldiet apolipoprotein E-knockout mice (2008) J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 51, pp. 188-195Yedinak, K.C., Lopez, L.M., Felodipine: A new dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist (1991) DICP, 25, pp. 1193-120

Generation Of Machined Multiple Flat Surfaces On Circular Bar By Its Rotation And In Synchronism With Cutting Tool

The operation of machining by lathe is one of the most common operations in automobile and machinery industries. The process is able to generate cylindrical bars under a wider variety of diameters/staggerings and using different materials, metallic's or non-metallic's (cupper, wood, aluminum, brass, steel, etc.). However, when more complex geometries are required, additional machines are used, like milling machine and/or machines under numerical control (CNC) and multiple axles. The possibility of joining circles, polygons, angular motion and synchronism, open the mind to multiple figures (shapes) and movements, which can generate different geometries. This paper aims to demonstrate that both operations (turning and milling), can be made at the same time and at the same machine, special but simpler lathe. The studies of geometry, associated with calculus (trigonometry) and angular motion give basis and sustain this statement. Tests in bench materialize the idea and reinforce this thesis.82146155Martin, J.T., Jonathan, M.B., Patrick, R.A., (1998) Fractal Geometry In Digital Imaging, p. 1. , Academic PressLandrini, M., Colagrossi, A., Greco, M., Tulin, M.P., (2012) The Fluid Mechanics of Splashing Bow Waves On Ships: A Hybrid BEM-SPH Analysis, 53, pp. 111-127. , Ocean EngineeringKline, (1972) Mathematical Thought From Ancient to Modern Times, p. 1032. , Oxford University PressFigueiredo, D.G., (2009) Análise De Fourier E Equações Diferenciais, p. 274. , Editora Projeto Euclides, in PortugueseIório, V.M., (2010) EDP: Um Curso De Graduação, p. 275. , Editora Coleção Matemática Universitária, in portugueseIório Jr., R., Iório, V.M., (2010), p. 343. , Equações Diferenciais Parciais: Uma Introdução, Editora Projeto Euclides, in PortugueseKnobloch, E., (2011) Kaspar Schott's "encyclopedia of All Mathematical Sciences", 7, pp. 225-247. , Poiesis Prax(1998) Trigonometric Delights, , by Eli Maor, Princeton University Press, Ebook version, in PDF format, full text presented(1914) Trigonometry, , by Alfred Monroe Kenyon and Louis Ingold, The Macmillan Company, In images, full text presentedhttp://www.mfg.mtu.edu/cyberman/machining.html, The John W Sutherland Research PageLiang, S.Y., Junz Wang, J.J., (1994), pp. 1177-1190. , Milling force convolution modeling for identification of cutter axis offset, International Journal of Machine Tools and ManufactureMartelloti, M.E., An analysis of the milling process (1941) Transactions of the ASME, 63, pp. 677-700Martellotti, M.E., An analysis of the milling process, Part II-Down milling (1945) Transactions of the ASME, 67, pp. 233-251Ber, A., Feldman, D., (1974) A Mathematical Model of the Radial and Axial Throw of Square Indexable Inserts In a Face Milling Cutter, pp. 19-23. , Annals of CIRP: Manufacturing TechnologyKline, W.A., Devor, R.E., The effect of runout on cutting geometry and forces in end milling (1983) International Journal of Machine Tool Design and Research, pp. 123-140Fu, H.J., Devor, R.E., Kapoor, S.G., A mechanistic model for the prediction of force system in face milling operations (1984) Transactions of the ASME: Journal of Engineering For Industry, pp. 81-88Desai, K.A., Piyush, K.A., Rao, P.V.M., Process geometry modeling with cutter runout for milling of curved surfaces (2009) International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, pp. 1015-1028Boothroyd, G., Knight, W.A., (2006) Fundamentals of Machining and Machine Tools, , CRC Press, Boca Rato

Photoluminescence Study Of Interfaces Between Heavily Doped Al 0.48in 0.52as:si Layers And Inp (fe) Substrates

Properties of the interface between the epitaxial layer of heavily doped Al 0.48In 0.52As:Si and the InP(Fe) substrate are investigated by photoluminescence in AlInAs:Si/InP(Fe) heteroestructures grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The effect on heterostructure optical properties of including a thin Al 0.22Ga 0.26In 0.52As:Si layer at the interface is investigated as well. To explain the different interface emission energies observed, the results are analyzed by using the mixed-type I-II interface model, which considers in the type II interface a narrow InAs well, with variable width, between AlInAs and InP. The observation of the interface emission at energies as high as 1.36 eV, at low excitation intensity, is explained taking into account the high doping level of the samples. 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