Reservoir Role of Lizard Psammodromus algirus in Transmission Cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato (Spirochaetaceae) in Tunisia

To investigate the reservoir role of the lizard Psammodromus algirus for the Lyme disease spirochete, 199 lizards were trapped from April to October 2003 in El Jouza, northwestern Tunisia. In this site, the infection rate of free-living Ixodes ricinus (L.) by Borrelia was evaluated by immunofluorescence as 34.6% for adult ticks and 12.5% for nymphs. Eighty percent of P. algirus (117/146) captured during this study were infested by I. ricinus, the predominant tick species collected from lizards. The intensity of tick infestation of this host by larvae and nymphs ranged from 0.14 to 7.07 and from 1.5 to 6.58, respectively. These immature stages of I. ricinus were found on lizards in spring and the beginning of summer, with a peak of intensity during June (10.16 immature ticks by lizard). Tissue cultures from lizards and xenodiagnosis with larval I. ricinus were used to assess the infection and the ability, respectively, of infected lizards to transmit Borrelia to naive ticks. Seventeen percent of xenodiagnostic ticks (40/229) acquired B. lusitaniae while feeding on P. algirus. Therefore, we demonstrated the ability of the lizards to sustain Borrelia infection and to infect attached ticks, and we proved that P. algirus is a reservoir host competent to transmit B. lusitania

Contribution à la phylogénie du genre Stomoxys (Diptera, Muscidae) et à la phylogéographie de Stomoxys calcitrans (L. 1758)

The Stomoxys genus includes 18 recognized species (Zumpt, 1973), only Stomoxys calcitrans became cosmopolitan. The phylogenetic analysis shows the Stomoxys paraphyly, due to the inclusion of Prostomoxys saegerae in the group. Phylogenetic constructions present three distinct clades, which correspond to the biogeography. The basal emergence of S. indicus suggests an Oriental origin of the Stomoxys genus, around the end of the Oligocene. The molecular divergence, estimated at 16.3 million years, between S. niger niger and S. niger bilineatus proposes the rise of these two subspecies to the rank of species. S. calcitrans phylogeographic study shows the presence of an Oriental lineage differentiated from the remainder. The diversity indices suppose the existence of two refugia. The first one would be in the Oriental region, with restricted recolonisation. The second one is probably African, and allowed the recolonisation of the other regions. The time expansion of S. calcitrans is probably related to the process of domestication and/or to the last glaciation period.Le genre Stomoxys comprend 18 espèces reconnues (Zumpt, 1973), dont seule Stomoxys calcitrans est devenue cosmopolite. L'analyse phylogénétique montre la paraphylie du genre Stomoxys, due à l'inclusion de Prostomoxys saegerae dans le groupe. Les constructions phylogénétiques présentent trois clades distincts, qui correspondent bien à la biogéographie. L'émergence basale de S. indicus suggère une origine orientale du genre Stomoxys vers la fin de l'Oligocène. La divergence moléculaire, estimée à 16.3 millions d'années, entre S. niger niger et S. niger bilineatus propose l'élévation de ces deux sous-espèces au rang d'espèces. L'étude phylogéographique de S. calcitrans montre la présence d'une lignée orientale bien différenciée du reste. Les indices de diversité présument l'existence de deux zones de refuge. La première zone serait orientale, dont la recolonisation est limitée. La deuxième zone est probablement africaine, et a permis la recolonisation des autres régions. Le temps d'expansion de S. calcitrans est vraisemblablement lié au processus de domestication et/ou à la dernière période de glaciation

Contribution à la phylogénie du genre Stomoxys (Diptera, Muscidae) et à la phylogéographie du Stomoxys calcitrans (L. 1758)

Le genre Stomoxys comprend 18 espèces reconnues (Zumpt, 1973), dont seule Stomoxys calcitrans est devenue cosmopolite. L analyse phylogénétique montre la paraphylie du genre Stomoxys, due à l inclusion de Prostomoxys saegerae dans le groupe. Les constructions phylogénétiques présentent trois clades distincts, qui correspondent bien à la biogéographie. L émergence basale de S. indicus suggère une origine Orientale du genre Stomoxys vers la fin de l Oligocène. La divergence moléculaire, estimée à 16.3 millions d années, entre S. niger niger et S. niger bilineatus propose l élévation de ces deux sous-espèces au rang d espèces. L étude phylogéographique de S. calcitrans montre la présence d une lignée Orientale bien différenciée du reste. Les indices de diversité présument l existence de deux zones de refuge. La première zone serait orientale, dont la recolonisation est limitée. La deuxième zone est probablement africaine, et a permis la recolonisation des autres régions. Le temps d expansion de S. calcitrans est vraisemblablement lié au processus de domestication et/ou à la dernière période de glaciation.The Stomoxys genus includes 18 recognized species (Zumpt, 1973), only Stomoxys calcitrans became cosmopolitan. The phylogenetic analysis shows the Stomoxys paraphyly, due to the inclusion of Prostomoxys saegerae in the group. Phylogenetic constructions present three distinct clades, which correspond to the biogeography. The basal emergence of S. indicus suggests an Oriental origin of the Stomoxys genus, around the end of the Oligocene. The molecular divergence, estimated at 16.3 million years, between S. niger niger and S. niger bilineatus proposes the rise of these two subspecies to the rank of species. S. calcitrans phylogeographic study shows the presence of an Oriental lineage differentiated from the remainder. The diversity indices suppose the existence of two refugia. The first one would be in the Oriental region, with restricted recolonisation. The second one is probably African, and allowed the recolonisation of the other regions. The time expansion of S. calcitrans is probably related to the process of domestication and/or to the last glaciation period.MONTPELLIER-BU Lettres (341722103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Mouches piqueuses et tabanides

National audienc

Les Stomoxes: des vecteurs mal connus

International audienc

Les Stomoxes (Diptera : Muscidae): des vecteurs mal connus

International audienc

Dsouli-InfectGenetEvol11 nexus file

Nexus file for the concatenation of 2 mitochondrial (COX1 and CYTB) and 1 nuclear (ITS2) genes for 39 dipterans

Data from: Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear data in haematophagous flies support the paraphyly of the genus Stomoxys (Diptera: Muscidae)

The genus Stomoxys Geoffroy (Diptera; Muscidae) contains species of parasitic flies that are of medical and economic importance. We conducted a phylogenetic analysis including 10 representative species of the genus including multiple exemplars, together with the closely related genera Prostomoxys Zumpt, Haematobosca Bezzi, and Haematobia Lepeletier & Serville. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods from DNA fragments from the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI, 753 bp) and cytochrome b (CytB, 587 bp) mitochondrial genes, and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2, 426 bp). The combination of mitochondrial and nuclear data strongly supports the paraphyly of the genus Stomoxys because of the inclusion of Prostomoxys saegerae Zumpt. This unexpected result suggests that Prostomoxys should be renamed into Stomoxys. Also, the deep molecular divergence observed between the subspecies Stomoxys niger niger Macquart and S. niger bilineatus Grünbreg led us to propose that they should rather be considered as distinct species, in agreement with ecological data. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses support three distinct lineages within the genus Stomoxys with a strong biogeographical component. The first lineage consists solely of the divergent Asian species S. indicus Picard which appears as the sister-group to all remaining Stomoxys species. The second clade groups the strictly African species Stomoxys inornatus Grünbreg, Stomoxys transvittatus Villeneuve, Stomoxys omega Newstead, and Stomoxys pallidus Roubaud. Finally, the third clade includes both African occurring and more widespread species such as the livestock pest Stomoxys calcitrans Linnaeus. Divergence time estimates indicate that the genus Stomoxys originated in the late Oligocene around 30 million years ago, with the major lineages diversifying in the Early Miocene between 20 and 15 million years ago at a time when temperate forests developed in the Northern Hemisphere