The Response of 'Golden Delicious' Apple Grafted on M 9 and MM 106 Rootstock to Chemical Fruit Thinning

The effect of plant growth regulator in early stages of fruit development is to slow or stop the growth of lateral fruits and to cause their early drop. Two commercial plant growth regulator formulations naphthalene-acetamide (NAD) and naphthaleneaceticacid (NAA) were used. The applied doses of plant growth regulator were in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations, for Amidthin 100-130 g/hl and Nokad 20-25 ml/hl. The first treatment was applied after full bloom, and the second when central fruit was 9-12 mm in size. The biggest effect on fruit weight and size was recorded on treated Golden Delicious fruits grafted on M 9 rootstock. It was found that minimum number of fruits per branch was on M 9 rootstock. Also, the most pronounced effect of fruit thinning regarding fruit weight and size was on trees grafted on M 9. Results showed that fruits had decreased firmness and increased dry matter content. However, it did not show significant differences in values of iodine - starch test and acid content

Mycoremediation as Innovation Model of Ecoremediation of Highly Contaminated Soils

Mikoremedijacija je oblik bioremedijacije koji pomoću gljiva vrši detoksikaciju zagađenih zemljišta i voda. Gljive igraju važnu ulogu u svim ekosistemima i u stanju su da regulišu protok hranljivih materija i energije. Jedna od osnovnih uloga gljiva u ekosistemu je razgradnja koju vrše micelijumi. Micelijumi izlučuju vanćelijske enzime i kiseline koje razgrađuju lignin i celulozu. To su organska jedinjena iz lanca ugljenika i vodonika strukturom slična mnogim organskim zagađivačima. Na taj način razgrađuju lance toksina u jednostavnije i manje toksične hemikalije. Enzimi gljive mogu razložiti neke od najotpornijih materijala napravljenih od strane čoveka i prirode kao što su nafta, ulje, pesticidi, lijekovi, tekstilne boje itd. Neke od poznatih gljiva koje se koriste u mikoremedijaciji su: bukovača (Pleurotus ostreatus), ćuranov rep (Trametes versicolor), Shiitake gljive (Lentinus edodes), gljive bele truleži (Phanerochaete chrysosporium), Reishi gljive (Ganoderma lucidum), smrčak (Morchella Conica) itd. Najčešći metod mikoremedijacije je da se inokulišu drveni opiljci ili slama sa micelijumom gljive i stave na površinu kontaminiranog zemljišta ili tamo gde kontaminirana voda mora da proteče kroz to. U zavisnosti od nivoa zagađenja neophodno je izvršiti nekoliko uzastopnih primena da bi se toksini smanjili na prihvatljiv nivo. Micelije luče enzime koji usvajaju toksične materije sve dok se ne razviju u odrasle pečurke. Stoga je bitno zadržati miceliju da što duže raste prije nego se pretvori u oblik ploda. Prolećna inokulacija je bolja nego jesenja, jer micelije imaju više vremena da se rašire. Mnogi faktori utiču na brzinu i sposobnost apsorpcije i razgradnje toksina pomoću gljiva, a neki od njih su priroda ugljovodonika, temperatura, pH vrednost zemljišta, kiseonik, vlažnost vazduha i dr.Mycoremediation is the form of bioremediation which helps with fungi performing detoxification of contaminated soils and waters. Fungi play important role in all environments and are able to regulate the transfer of nutritious materials and energy. One of the basic roles of fungi in ecosystem is degradation which is performed by mycelia. Mycelia excrete extracellular enzymes and acids which break lignin and cellulose. Those are organic compounds from the chain of carbon and hydrogen similar by its structures to many organic pollutants. This way they break down toxins into simpler and less toxic chemicals. Fungi enzymes can break down some of the most resistant materials made by man and nature like crude oil, oil, pesticides, medicine, textile colors, etc. Some of know fungi which are used in mycoremediation are: Oysters (Pleurotus ostreatus), Turkey Tail (Trametes versicolor), Shittake mushrooms (Lentinus edodes), White-rot fungi (Phanerochaete chrysosporium), Reishi mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum), Morel (Morchella Conica), etc. The most common method is to inoculate wood chips or straw with your mycoremediators and put that substrate on top of the problem soil or where the contaminated water has to flow through it. Depending on the level of contamination it is necessary to execute several consecutive applications in order for toxins to be reduced to acceptable level. Mycelia secrete enzymes which absorb toxic material all the time until they develop to grown mushrooms. Therefore, it is important to keep mycelia to grow as long as possible before it transforms in a form of fruit. Spring inoculations work better than fall inoculations as the mycelium has more time to grow- out. Many factors affect the speed and capability of absorption and degradation of toxins using fungi, and some of them are the nature of hydrocarbons, temperature, PH value of the soil, oxygen, humidity of air and similar

Održivo upravljanje otpadom u lokalnim samoupravama i zaštićenim područjima u Republici Srbiji

Moderni način života i težnja ka što bržem tehnološkom razvoju stvaraju sve veće probleme vezane za količine i menadžment generisanim otpadom. Upravljanje otpadom predstavlja složeni proces usled konstantne opasnosti po životnu sredinu kroz zagađenje vazduha, vode i zemljišta, kao i zdravlje ljudi. Nedostatak informacija o količinama, sastavu i mestu nastajanja otpada otežava proces deponovanja i kategorizacije, kao i njegovu reciklažu ili ponovnu upotrebu. Industrijalizacijom i razvojem modernog društva i neracionalnim korišćenjem prirodnih resursa povećava se količina otpada, te se javlja i potreba za organizovanim pristupom ovom problemu. Za rešavanje ovih pitanja, između ostalog, neophodni su konstantan monitoring, sprovođenje zakonske regulative i povećanje javne svesti. Ovo se posebno odnosi na prikupljanje pouzdanih podataka o količinama generisanog otpada, te njegovom zbrinjavanju u okviru lokalnih samouprava i zaštićenih područja. U Republici Srbiji za sada ne postoji sistemski organizovano upravljanje otpadom. Međutim, postoji dugoročna strategija u oblasti zaštite životne sredine koja podrazumeva poboljšanje kvaliteta života stanovništva i očuvanje prirode, gde važno mesto zauzima i pravilno postupanje sa otpadom.The modern way of life and aspiration for faster technological development creates increasing problems related to waste quantities and management. Waste management is a complex process due to the constant danger to the environment through pollution of air, water and soil as well as the human health. Lack of waste quantity, composition and location informations makes disposal and categorization process more difficult, as well as its recycling or reuse. Industrialization and development of modern society and irrational usage of natural resources increases the amount of waste, which creates the need for an organized approach to this problem. In order to resolve these issues, among other, the constant monitoring, implementation of legislation and increasing public awareness are necessary. This particularly refers to the collection of reliable data on the quantities of generated waste, and its disposal within the local communities and protected areas. There is no systemic organized waste management in the Republic of Serbia for the time being. However, there is the long-term strategy in the field of environmental protection, which implies improving the population quality of life and preserving the nature, where an important place has the proper waste treatment

Relationship between retinal vessel diameters and retinopathy in the Inter99 Eye Study

Purpose: To examine the association between retinal vessel diameters and retinopathy in participants with and without type 2 diabetes in a Danish population-based cohort. Methods: The study included 878 persons aged 30 to 60 years from the Inter99 Eye Study. Retinopathy was defined as a presence of one or more retinal hemorrhages or one or more microaneurysms. Vessel diameters were expressed as central retinal artery equivalent diameter (CRAE) and central retinal vein equivalent diameter (CRVE). Multiple linear regression analyses were performed. Results: Among participants with diabetes, CRAE was 6.3 µm (CI 95%: 1.0 to 11.6, p = 0.020) wider and CRVE was 7.9 µm (CI 95%: 0.7 to 15.2, p = 0.030) wider in those with retinopathy compared to those without retinopathy, after adjusting for age, gender, HbA1c, blood pressure, smoking, serum total and HDL cholesterol. In all participants, CRAE increased with presence of retinopathy (p = 0.005) and with smoking (p = 0.001), and CRAE decreased with hypertension (p < 0.001), high HDL cholesterol (p = 0.016) and age (p < 0.001). Central retinal vein equivalent diameter increased with presence of retinopathy (p = 0.022) and with smoking (p < 0.001), and decreased with higher HDL cholesterol (p < 0.001) and age (p = 0.015). Female gender was associated with wider CRVE (p = 0.029). Conclusions: Wider retinal vessel diameters were associated with the presence of retinopathy in participants with diabetes, but not in participants without diabetes. The associations between retinal vessel diameters and known retinopathy risk factors were confirmed. These results suggest that information obtained by non-invasive imaging of the interior of the eye can contribute to a better understanding of systemic disease processes

Exploring Retinal Blood Vessel Diameters as Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis

We aimed to determine whether retinal vessel diameters and retinal oxygen saturation in newly diagnosed patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) are different from those of a healthy population. Retinal blood vessel diameters were measured using imaging with a spectrophotometric non-invasive retinal oximeter. Twenty-three newly diagnosed untreated relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients (mean age: 32.2 &plusmn; 7.5 years, age range = 18&ndash;50 years, 56.5% female) were measured and compared to 23 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) (mean age: 34.8 &plusmn; 8.1 years). Patients with Optic Neuritis were excluded. Retinal venular diameter (143.8 &micro;m versus 157.8 &micro;m: mean; p = 0.0013) and retinal arteriolar diameter (112.6 &micro;m versus 120.6 &micro;m: mean; p = 0.0089) were smaller in pwMS when compared with HCs, respectively. There was no significant difference in the oxygen saturation in retinal venules and arterioles in pwMS (mean: 60.0% and 93.7%; p = 0.5980) compared to HCs (mean: 59.3% and 91.5%; p = 0.8934), respectively. There was a significant difference in the median low contrast visual acuity (2.5% contrast) between the pwMS and the HC groups (p = 0.0143) Retinal arteriolar and venular diameter may have potential as objective biomarkers for MS

MONEY IN SERBIAN, FRENCH AND SPANISH PHRASEOLOGY

Combining conceptual metaphor and field, we have got layered and colorful image about perception of money in Serbian, French and Spanish. The main aim of this research is to show that the phraseological units with component Sr. novac (‘money’) / Fr. argent / Sp. Dinero and semantically similar lexemes are numerous in three languages and in colloquial language. The semantic field of ‘money’ is intertwined with semantic fields of ‘wealth’ and ‘poverty’. We defined five groups and determined that expressions in our corpus primarily reflect possession of large amounts of money, current shortage of money and irrational waste of money. Despite the numerical consistency of phrasemes, money is not perceived identically in Serbian, French and Spanish. As it was confirmed by the results in 169 idioms, formal and semantic overlap- ping in the three languages appears in only 24 cases, in two languages in 30 cases (Serbian/French – 3, Serbian/Spanish ‒13, French/Spanish ‒ 14). The most numerous are the expressions that exist in only one language: Serbian ‒ 49, French ‒ 36 and Spanish ‒ 30

Analiza unesene količine toplote pri zavarivanju i njen uticaj na strukturu i žilavost mikrolegiranih čelika povišene čvrstoće

Compared to the low-carbon and low-alloyed constructive steels, application of high strengthened steels has significant advantages. Those advantages are contained in reducing the mass of construction, increasing the carrying capacity and working period, increasing the anti-corrosive protection and attaining the good properties of welded joint. But it is not that easy to accomplish these characteristics in high strengthened micro-alloyed steels because of following difficulties:- increase of strength is usually followed by decrease of plasticity,- increase of strength causes decrease of impact toughness, which increases tendency to brittle fracture,- increase of strength steels decreases the ratio between yield limit and tensile strength, which leads to decreasing of dependability of welded assembly. The purpose of this paper was to determine optimum regime of thermo-mechanical treatment for certain amount of input heat during welding, what should contribute in achievement of quality appliance of welded assembly. The tested material was high strengthened micro-alloyed steel with all its properties, such as resistance and deformation, toughness, macroscopic, microscopic and submicroscopic changes in material.Primena čelika visoke čvrstoće ima znatne prednosti u odnosu na obične niskougljenične i niskolegirane konstrukcione čelike. Prednosti se ogledaju u smanjenju mase konstrukcije, povećanju nosivosti i veka trajanja, povećanju antikorozivne zaštite i postizanju dobrih karakteristika zavarenog spoja. Međutim, postizanje navedenih svojstava kod mikrolegiranih čelika visoke čvrstoće nije tako jednostavno zato što: - povećanje čvrstoće obično prati smanjenje plastičnosti; - povećanje čvrstoće izaziva smanjenje udarne žilavosti, a time i povećanje sklonosti ka krtom lomu; - sa povećanjem čvrstoće čelika smanjuje se odnos granice tečenja i zatezne čvrstoće, što dovodi do smanjenja pouzdanosti zavarene konstrukcije. Cilj ovoga rada je bio da se na mikrolegiranom čeliku visoke čvrstoće na osnovu ispitivanja svojstava otpornosti i deformacije, karakteristika žilavosti, praćenja makroskopskih, mikroskopskih i submikroskopskih promena u materijalu utvrdi optimalni režim termomehaničke obrade za određenu količinu unesene toplote pri zavarivanju, što bi doprinelo da se postigne odgovarajući kvalitet za primenu zavarene konstrukcije

Analiza unesene količine toplote pri zavarivanju i njen uticaj na strukturu i žilavost mikrolegiranih čelika povišene čvrstoće

Compared to the low-carbon and low-alloyed constructive steels, application of high strengthened steels has significant advantages. Those advantages are contained in reducing the mass of construction, increasing the carrying capacity and working period, increasing the anti-corrosive protection and attaining the good properties of welded joint. But it is not that easy to accomplish these characteristics in high strengthened micro-alloyed steels because of following difficulties:- increase of strength is usually followed by decrease of plasticity,- increase of strength causes decrease of impact toughness, which increases tendency to brittle fracture,- increase of strength steels decreases the ratio between yield limit and tensile strength, which leads to decreasing of dependability of welded assembly. The purpose of this paper was to determine optimum regime of thermo-mechanical treatment for certain amount of input heat during welding, what should contribute in achievement of quality appliance of welded assembly. The tested material was high strengthened micro-alloyed steel with all its properties, such as resistance and deformation, toughness, macroscopic, microscopic and submicroscopic changes in material.Primena čelika visoke čvrstoće ima znatne prednosti u odnosu na obične niskougljenične i niskolegirane konstrukcione čelike. Prednosti se ogledaju u smanjenju mase konstrukcije, povećanju nosivosti i veka trajanja, povećanju antikorozivne zaštite i postizanju dobrih karakteristika zavarenog spoja. Međutim, postizanje navedenih svojstava kod mikrolegiranih čelika visoke čvrstoće nije tako jednostavno zato što: - povećanje čvrstoće obično prati smanjenje plastičnosti; - povećanje čvrstoće izaziva smanjenje udarne žilavosti, a time i povećanje sklonosti ka krtom lomu; - sa povećanjem čvrstoće čelika smanjuje se odnos granice tečenja i zatezne čvrstoće, što dovodi do smanjenja pouzdanosti zavarene konstrukcije. Cilj ovoga rada je bio da se na mikrolegiranom čeliku visoke čvrstoće na osnovu ispitivanja svojstava otpornosti i deformacije, karakteristika žilavosti, praćenja makroskopskih, mikroskopskih i submikroskopskih promena u materijalu utvrdi optimalni režim termomehaničke obrade za određenu količinu unesene toplote pri zavarivanju, što bi doprinelo da se postigne odgovarajući kvalitet za primenu zavarene konstrukcije

Good’s syndrome with increasing γδ T-lymphocyte subpopulation: A case report

Introduction. Good’s syndrome is a rare cause of adultonset immunodeficiency associated with thymoma. Good’s syndrome should be considered in patients older than 40 years with the history of frequent infections. An abnormal immunoglobulin profile needs further investigation and flow cytometry which is crucial for establishing the diagnosis of Good’s syndrome. Case report. We present a 56- year-old men with Good’s syndrome diagnosed after a twoyear history of recurrent infections. Examination of immune status of the patient showed decreased serum levels of all immunoglobulins. Flow cytometry of peripheral blood lymphocyte revealed markedly reduced peripheral B cells, CD4 T-cell lymphopenia, inverted CD4/CD8 T-cell-ratio 0.37 (CD4 - 20.82%, CD8 - 70.7%). Analysis of the subpopulations of T-lymphocytes showed relative increasing γδ T cell receptor (TCR) T lymphocytes. Computed tomography scan of the chest showed a mediastinal mass compatible with thymoma of the diameter of 40 mm. After initiation of intravenous immunoglobulins the patient was in the good clinical condition and without bacterial complications. As the patient refused the operative treatment we continued to control the mediastinal tumor mass which did not increase during a 3-year follow-up. Conclusion. The presented patient had a typical immunological finding for Good’s syndrome, but also the increase in γδ TCR T-lymphocyte subpopulation for which it is difficult to determine whether this is pathogenetic or secondary reactive event

Retinal Vessel Diameters and Their Relationship with Cardiovascular Risk and All-Cause Mortality in the Inter99 Eye Study:A 15-Year Follow-Up

Purpose. To describe associations between retinal vessel diameters and cardiovascular risk markers and mortality. Methods. The present study included 908 persons aged 30 to 60 years. Vessel diameters were expressed as central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE) and central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE). Multiple linear regression analyses and Cox regression models were used. Results. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that narrower CRAE was associated with higher systolic blood pressure, age, and higher HDL cholesterol, whereas wider CRAE and CRVE were associated with smoking. Narrower CRVE was associated with higher HDL cholesterol. In an age-adjusted model, associations between wider CRVE and risk of ischemic heart disease were found (P<0.001). Wider CRVE was associated with all-cause mortality (HR = 2.02, P=0.033) in a model adjusted for age, gender, and blood pressure. However, the association was not statistically significant after additional adjustment for smoking. Conclusions. The associations between retinal vessel diameters and known cardiovascular risk factors were confirmed. All-cause mortality was not associated with retinal vessel diameters when adjusting for relevant confounders