31 research outputs found

    Stratégies et déterminants de la vaccination au Burkina Faso 1993-2003

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    Introduction : La vaccination est l’une des interventions de santé publique les plus efficaces et les plus efficientes. Comme dans la plupart des pays de la région Ouest africaine, le programme national de vaccination a bénéficié du soutien de nombreuses initiatives internationales et nationales dans le but d’accroître la couverture vaccinale. La politique vaccinale du Burkina Faso s’est appuyée sur différentes stratégies à savoir: la vaccination-prospection, la «vaccination commando», le Programme élargi de vaccination (PEV) et les Journées nationales de vaccination. La couverture vaccinale complète des enfants de 12 à 23 mois a certes augmenté, mais elle est restée en deçà des attentes passant de 34,7% en 1993, à 29,3% en 1998 et 43,9% en 2003. Objectif : Le but de cette thèse est d’analyser à plusieurs périodes et à différents niveaux, les facteurs associés à la vaccination complète des enfants de 12 à 23 mois en milieu rural au Burkina Faso. Méthodes : Nous avons utilisé plusieurs stratégies de recherche et quatre sources de données : - les enquêtes démographiques et de santé (EDS) de 1998-1999 et de 2003 - les annuaires statistiques de 1997 et de 2002 - des entretiens individuels auprès de décideurs centraux, régionaux et d’acteurs de terrain, œuvrant pour le système de santé du Burkina Faso - des groupes de discussion et des entretiens individuels auprès de populations desservies par des centres de santé et de promotion sociale (niveau le plus périphérique du système de santé) et du personnel local de santé. Des approches quantitatives (multiniveau) et qualitatives ont permis de répondre à plusieurs questions, les principaux résultats sont présentés sous forme de trois articles. Résultats : Article 1: « Les facteurs individuels et du milieu de vie associés à la vaccination complète des enfants en milieu rural au Burkina Faso : une approche multiniveau ». En 1998, bien que la propension à la vaccination s’accroisse significativement avec le niveau de vie des ménages et l’utilisation des services de santé, ces 2 variables n’expliquent pas totalement les différences de vaccination observées entre les districts. Plus de 37 % de la variation de la vaccination complète est attribuable aux différences entre les districts sanitaires. A ce niveau, si les ressources du district semblent jouer un rôle mineur, un accroissement de 1 % de la proportion de femmes éduquées dans le district accroît de 1,14 fois les chances de vaccination complète des enfants. Article 2: « Rates of coverage and determinants of complete vaccination of children in rural areas of Burkina Faso (1998 - 2003) ». Entre 1998 et 2003, la couverture vaccinale complète a augmenté en milieu rural, passant de 25,90% à 41,20%. Alors que les ressources du district n’ont présenté aucun effet significatif et que celui de l’éducation s’est atténué avec le temps, le niveau de vie et l’expérience d’utilisation des services de santé par contre, restent les facteurs explicatifs les plus stables de la vaccination complète des enfants. Mais, ils n’expliquent pas totalement les différences de vaccination complète qui persistent entre les districts. Malgré une tendance à l’homogénéisation des districts, 7.4% de variation de la vaccination complète en 2003 est attribuable aux différences entre les districts sanitaires. Article 3: « Cultures locales de vaccination : le rôle central des agents de santé. Une étude qualitative en milieu rural du Burkina Faso ». L’exploration des cultures locales de vaccination montre que les maladies cibles du PEV sont bien connues de la population et sont classées parmi les maladies du «blanc», devant être traitées au centre de santé. Les populations recourent à la prévention traditionnelle, mais elles attribuent la régression de la fréquence et de la gravité des épidémies de rougeole, coqueluche et poliomyélite à la vaccination. La fièvre et la diarrhée post vaccinales peuvent être vues comme un succès ou une contre-indication de la vaccination selon les orientations de la culture locale de vaccination. Les deux centres de santé à l’étude appliquent les mêmes stratégies et font face aux mêmes barrières à l’accessibilité. Dans une des aires de santé, l’organisation de la vaccination est la meilleure, le comité de gestion y est impliqué et l’agent de santé est plus disponible, accueille mieux les mères et est soucieux de s’intégrer à la communauté. On y note une meilleure mobilisation sociale. Le comportement de l’agent de santé est un déterminant majeur de la culture locale de vaccination qui à son tour, influence la performance du programme de vaccination. Tant dans la sphère professionnelle que personnelle il doit créer un climat de confiance avec la population qui acceptera de faire vacciner ses enfants, pour autant que le service soit disponible. Résultats complémentaires : le PEV du Burkina est bien structuré et bien supporté tant par un engagement politique national que par la communauté internationale. En plus de la persistance des inégalités de couverture vaccinale, la pérennité du programme reste un souci de tous les acteurs. Conclusion : Au delà des conclusions propres à chaque article, ce travail a permis d’identifier plusieurs facteurs critiques qui permettraient d’améliorer le fonctionnement et la performance du PEV du Burkina Faso et également de pays comparables. Le PEV dispose de ressources adéquates, ses dimensions techniques et programmatiques sont bien maîtrisées et les différentes initiatives internationales soutenues par les bailleurs de fonds lui ont apporté un support effectif. Le facteur humain est crucial : lors du recrutement du personnel de santé, une attention particulière devrait être accordée à l’adoption d’attitudes d’ouverture et d’empathie vis-à-vis de la population. Ce personnel devrait être en nombre suffisant au niveau périphérique et surtout sa présence et sa disponibilité devraient être effectives. Les liens avec la population sont à renforcer par une plus grande implication du comité de gestion dans l’organisation de la vaccination et en définissant plus clairement le rôle des agents de santé villageois. Ces différents points devraient constituer des objectifs du PEV et à ce titre faire l’objet d’un suivi et d’une évaluation adéquats. Finalement, bien que la gratuité officielle de la vaccination ait réduit les barrières financières, certaines entraves demeurent et elles devraient être levées pour améliorer l’accès aux services de vaccination.Introduction: Vaccination is one of the most effective and efficient public health interventions. As in most West African countries, Burkina Faso’s national program of vaccination has benefited from the support of numerous international and national initiatives aimed at increasing vaccination coverage. Burkina Faso’s immunization policy has relied on a variety of strategies, such as door-to-door canvassing for vaccination, the “Vaccination Commando” campaign, the Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI), and National Immunization Days. While vaccination coverage of children ages 12–23 months has increased, it has nevertheless remained well below expectations, going from 34.7% in 1993 to 29.3% in 1998 and subsequently rising to 43.9% in 2003. Objective: The purpose of this thesis is to analyze, at several points in time and on different levels, the factors associated with complete vaccination of children ages 12–23 months in rural areas of Burkina Faso. Methods: To conduct this research we employed several research approaches and four sources of data: - the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) of 1998–1999 and 2003; - the Statistical Yearbooks of 1997 and 2002; - individual interviews with decision-makers at the central and regional levels, as well as with field workers in Burkina’s healthcare system; - focus groups and individual discussions with people served by the health centres, or centres de santé et de promotion sociale (the most peripheral level of the health system) and with local health workers. Quantitative (multilevel) and qualitative approaches provided answers to several questions; our key results are presented in three articles. Results: Article 1: “Individual and living environment factors associated with complete vaccination of children in rural areas of Burkina Faso: a multilevel approach”. In 1998, although the tendency toward vaccination rose significantly with household standard of living and the use of health services, these two variables did not fully explain the differences in vaccination observed between districts. More than 37% of the variation in complete vaccination was attributable to differences between health districts. At this level, even though district resources appeared to play a minor role in vaccination, a 1% increase in the proportion of educated women in the health district increased children’s chances of being completely vaccinated by a factor of 1.14. Article 2: “Rates of coverage and determinants of complete vaccination of children in rural areas of Burkina Faso (1998–2003)”. Between 1998 and 2003, complete vaccination coverage in rural areas rose from 25.9% to 41.2%. While district resources showed no significant impact on complete vaccination, and that of education diminished over time, the standard of living and the experience of using health services, on the other hand, remained the most stable explanatory factors of complete vaccination of children. However, they did not fully explain the differences in complete vaccination that persisted among districts. Despite a trend toward homogenization of districts, 7.4% of the variation in complete vaccination in 2003 was still attributable to differences between health districts. Article 3: “Local vaccination cultures: the role of health workers. A qualitative study in rural areas of Burkina Faso”. Exploration of local vaccination cultures shows that the diseases targeted by the EPI are well known to the population and are classified among diseases of the “white people” that must be treated in the health centre. People use traditional preventive measures, but they attribute the decline in frequency and seriousness of measles, whooping cough and poliomyelitis epidemics to vaccination. Post-vaccination fever and diarrhoea may be perceived either as sign of success or as a contraindication for further vaccination, depending on the views of the local vaccination culture. The two health centres in the study applied the same strategies and faced the same barriers to accessibility. In one of the health zones, vaccination is the best organized, the management committee is committed, and the health worker is more available, interacts better with mothers and makes efforts to be part of the community; this zone exhibits stronger social involvement. The health worker’s behaviour is a major determinant of local vaccination culture, which in turn influences the performance of the vaccination program. Both professionally and personally, he needs to build a relationship of trust with people that promotes their acceptance of children’s vaccination, as long as the service is available. Supplementary results: Burkina Faso’s EPI is well structured and supported by both a national political commitment and the international community. In addition to persistent disparities in immunization coverage, the program’s sustainability remains a concern shared by all the actors. Conclusion: Beyond the conclusions specific to each article, this research has enabled us to identify several critical factors that would help to improve EPI performance in Burkina Faso, as well as in comparable countries. The EPI has adequate resources, its technical and programmatic resources are well controlled, and various international initiatives backed by funding agencies have provided effective support. The human factor is crucial: when recruiting health workers, particular attention should be given to having open and empathetic attitudes toward people. There should be enough personnel at the peripheral level, and they must have an effective presence and availability. Relationships with the community should be strengthened by having management committees be more involved in organizing vaccination and by defining more clearly the role of village health workers. These points should become EPI objectives and be subject to appropriate monitoring and evaluation. Lastly, even though making vaccinations free has reduced financial barriers, there are still certain constraints that should be removed to improve access to vaccination services

    Efficience de la prévention et de contrôle des infections nosocomiales : une revue systématique

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    Introduction : Les infections nosocomiales constituent un fardeau financier pour les patients, les Ă©tablissements de santĂ© et la sociĂ©tĂ©. L’importance des mesures de prĂ©vention et contrĂ´le des infections (PCI) Ă  travers les pratiques d’hygiène des mains, d’hygiène et l’assainissement, de dĂ©pistage, et des prĂ©cautions de base et additionnelles, pour rĂ©duire ce fardeau n’est plus Ă  dĂ©montrer. Or, aucune Ă©tude scientifique Ă  notre connaissance n’a Ă©valuĂ© l’efficience, soit les Ă©conomies associĂ©es Ă  l’investissement, de ces pratiques. Objectif : Évaluer l’efficience des quatre pratiques de PCI dans les unitĂ©s de mĂ©decine et chirurgie par l’estimation du rapport bĂ©nĂ©fice-coĂ»t. MĂ©thodes : Une revue systĂ©matique des Ă©tudes publiĂ©es de 2000 Ă  2019 a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e dans les bases de donnĂ©es scientifiques (MEDLINE via Ovid, CINAHL, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, JSTOR, Grey literature : Cordis et OpenGrey). Les Ă©tudes d’évaluation Ă©conomique suivantes ont Ă©tĂ© incluses : minimisation des coĂ»ts; coĂ»t-efficacitĂ©, coĂ»t-utilitĂ©, coĂ»t-bĂ©nĂ©fice et coĂ»t-consĂ©quence. Les donnĂ©es extraites ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©es, dans une perspective des Ă©tablissements, pour Ă©valuer le rapport bĂ©nĂ©fice-coĂ»t associĂ© aux pratiques de PCI. Des analyses de sensibilitĂ© et d’actualisation ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es. RĂ©sultats : 11 898 articles ont Ă©tĂ© examinĂ©s et sept ont Ă©tĂ© retenus. L’efficience des mesures de PCI en mĂ©decine chirurgie a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©montrĂ©e avec un rapport bĂ©nĂ©fice-coĂ»t qui variait de 2,48 Ă  7,66. Discussion et conclusion : Les rĂ©sultats montrent qu’avant mĂŞme la pandĂ©mie de la COVID-19, un dollar investi en PCI engendrerait sept fois plus de gains financiers. Ces gains permettraient aux dĂ©cideurs d’avoir des ressources supplĂ©mentaires pour investir dans la promotion de la PCI en vue de minimiser les consĂ©quences des Ă©closions et des pandĂ©mies futures.Introduction : Les infections nosocomiales constituent un fardeau financier pour les patients, les Ă©tablissements de santĂ© et la sociĂ©tĂ©. L’importance des mesures de prĂ©vention et contrĂ´le des infections (PCI) Ă  travers les pratiques d’hygiène des mains, d’hygiène et l’assainissement, de dĂ©pistage, et des prĂ©cautions de base et additionnelles, pour rĂ©duire ce fardeau n’est plus Ă  dĂ©montrer. Or, aucune Ă©tude scientifique Ă  notre connaissance n’a Ă©valuĂ© l’efficience, soit les Ă©conomies associĂ©es Ă  l’investissement, de ces pratiques. Objectif : Évaluer l’efficience des quatre pratiques de PCI dans les unitĂ©s de mĂ©decine et chirurgie par l’estimation du rapport bĂ©nĂ©fice-coĂ»t. MĂ©thodes : Une revue systĂ©matique des Ă©tudes publiĂ©es de 2000 Ă  2019 a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e dans les bases de donnĂ©es scientifiques (MEDLINE via Ovid, CINAHL, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, JSTOR, Grey literature : Cordis et OpenGrey). Les Ă©tudes d’évaluation Ă©conomique suivantes ont Ă©tĂ© incluses : minimisation des coĂ»ts; coĂ»t-efficacitĂ©, coĂ»t-utilitĂ©, coĂ»t-bĂ©nĂ©fice et coĂ»t-consĂ©quence. Les donnĂ©es extraites ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©es, dans une perspective des Ă©tablissements, pour Ă©valuer le rapport bĂ©nĂ©fice-coĂ»t associĂ© aux pratiques de PCI. Des analyses de sensibilitĂ© et d’actualisation ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es. RĂ©sultats : 11 898 articles ont Ă©tĂ© examinĂ©s et sept ont Ă©tĂ© retenus. L’efficience des mesures de PCI en mĂ©decine chirurgie a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©montrĂ©e avec un rapport bĂ©nĂ©fice-coĂ»t qui variait de 2,48 Ă  7,66. Discussion et conclusion : Les rĂ©sultats montrent qu’avant mĂŞme la pandĂ©mie de la COVID-19, un dollar investi en PCI engendrerait sept fois plus de gains financiers. Ces gains permettraient aux dĂ©cideurs d’avoir des ressources supplĂ©mentaires pour investir dans la promotion de la PCI en vue de minimiser les consĂ©quences des Ă©closions et des pandĂ©mies futures

    Promising Best Practices Implemented in Long- Term Care Facilities During the COVID-19 Pandemic to Address Social Isolation and Loneliness: A Scoping Review

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    Context: Throughout the current COVID-19 pandemic, tremendous effort has been made to implement innovative practices to address social isolation and loneliness (SIL) in long-term care facilities (LTCFs), disproportionally affected by COVID-19. These interventions have not yet been synthesized. This review intended to gather the current promising best practices (PBPs) implemented in LTCFs to alleviate SIL in older persons during the COVID-19 pandemic as well as during the SARS and H1N1 pandemics, using an intersectional lens. Methods: An extensive search was done in nine electronic databases. Arksey and O’Malley’s framework was used to format the scoping review. Two independent reviewers screened citations for inclusion, blindly. The selection of articles was conducted blindly by two coauthors. Finally, 16 studies were analyzed out of 9,077 records. Results: Two main themes of findings arose from this review. They comprised proximal PBPs directly addressing SIL in LTCF residents such as pseudo-contact interventions (e.g., chat from balcony or behind transparent barriers/glasses), remote communication tools (e.g., phone or video chat, voice mail/text messaging), and humanoid robots. Distal PBPs included measures implemented to prevent or mitigate the development of COVID-19, including COVID-19 screening approaches, outbreak preparedness, quarantining approaches for both residents and staff. Conclusion: This scoping review found varied PBP implemented during the multiple waves of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as evidence supporting their effectiveness. The contribution of this study is significant as most of the PBP investigated should be prioritized by public policymakers or institutions to provide more satisfactory services to the elderly and their families

    What explains gender inequalities in HIV/AIDS prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa? Evidence from the demographic and health surveys

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    Abstract Background Women are disproportionally affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The determinants of gender inequality in HIV/AIDS may vary across countries and require country-specific interventions to address them. This study aimed to identify the socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics underlying gender inequalities in HIV/AIDS in 21 SSA countries. Methods We applied an extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition approach to data from Demographic and Health Surveys and AIDS Indicator Surveys to quantify the differences in HIV/AIDS prevalence between women and men attributable to socio-demographic factors, sexual behaviours, and awareness of HIV/AIDS. We decomposed gender inequalities into two components: the percentage attributable to different levels of the risk factors between women and men (the “composition effect”) and the percentage attributable to risk factors having differential effects on HIV/AIDS prevalence in women and men (the “response effect”). Results Descriptive analyses showed that the difference between women and men in HIV/AIDS prevalence varied from a low of 0.68 % (P = 0.008) in Liberia to a high of 11.5 % (P < 0.001) in Swaziland. The decomposition analysis showed that 84 % (P < 0.001) and 92 % (P < 0.001) of the higher prevalence of HIV/AIDS among women in Uganda and Ghana, respectively, was explained by the different distributions of HIV/AIDS risk factors, particularly age at first sex between women and men. In the majority of countries, however, observed gender inequalities in HIV/AIDS were chiefly explained by differences in the responses to risk factors; the differential effects of age, marital status and occupation on prevalence of HIV/AIDS for women and men were among the significant contributors to this component. In Cameroon, Guinea, Malawi and Swaziland, a combination of the composition and response effects explained gender inequalities in HIV/AIDS prevalence. Conclusions The factors that explain gender inequality in HIV/AIDS in SSA vary by country, suggesting that country-specific interventions are needed. Unmeasured factors also contributed substantially to the difference in HIV/AIDS prevalence between women and men, highlighting the need for further study

    An Analysis of the Social Impacts of a Health System Strengthening Program Based on Purchasing Health Services

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    Abstract Access to universal health coverage is a fundamental right that ensures that even the most disadvantaged receive health services without financial hardship. The Democratic Republic of Congo is among the poorest countries in the world, yet healthcare is primarily made by direct payment which renders care inaccessible for most Congolese. Between 2017 and 2021 a purchasing of health services initiative (Le Programme de Renforcement de l’Offre et Développement de l’accès aux Soins de Santé or PRO DS), was implemented in Kongo Central and Ituri with the assistance of the non-governmental organization Memisa Belgium. The program provided funding for health system strengthening that included health service delivery, workforce development, improved infrastructure, access to medicines and support for leadership and governance. This study assessed the social and health impacts of the PRO DS Memisa program using a health impact assessment focus. A documentary review was performed to ascertain relevant indicators of program effect. Supervision and management of health zones and health centers, use of health and nutritional services, the population’s nutritional health, immunization levels, reproductive and maternal health, and newborn and child health were measured using a controlled longitudinal model. Positive results were found in almost all indicators across both provinces, with a mean proportion of positive effect of 60.8% for Kongo Central, and 70.8% in Ituri. Barriers to the program’s success included the arrival of COVID-19, internal displacement of the population and resistance to change from the community. The measurable positive impacts from the PRO DS Memisa program reveal that an adequately funded multi-faceted health system strengthening program can improve access to healthcare in a low-income country such as the Democratic Republic of Congo

    Disclosure of HIV status and stigma in rural communities in Brazil: A conundrum for researchers

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    Stigmatization and discrimination are common consequences following disclosure of HIV serostatus; such factors are especially problematic in rural communities where “everyone knows everyone”. In this case study, researchers conducting ethnographic field studies in remote areas of Brazil decided to impersonate friends or relatives of research participants living with HIV as a means to protect participants from inadvertent disclosure of their serostatus to fellow community members. These acts of “wilful deception” raise issues about honesty and integrity in research, and how to balance issues of confidentiality with communicating research findings to communities and the broader public

    Socioeconomic inequalities in HIV/AIDS prevalence in sub-Saharan African countries: evidence from the Demographic Health Surveys

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    IntroductionExtant studies universally document a positive gradient between socioeconomic status (SES) and health. A notable exception is the apparent concentration of HIV/AIDS among wealthier individuals. This paper uses data from the Demographic Health Surveys and AIDS Indicator Surveys to examine socioeconomic inequalities in HIV/AIDS prevalence in 24 sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, the region that accounts for two-thirds of the global HIV/AIDS burden.MethodsThe relative and generalized concentration indices (RC and GC) were used to quantify wealth-based socioeconomic inequalities in HIV/AIDS prevalence for the total adult population (aged 15-49), for men and women, and in urban and rural areas in each country. Further, we decomposed the RC and GC indices to identify the determinants of socioeconomic inequalities in HIV/AIDS prevalence in each country.ResultsOur findings demonstrated that HIV/AIDS was concentrated among higher SES individuals in the majority of SSA countries. Swaziland and Senegal were the only countries in the region where HIV/AIDS was concentrated among individuals living in poorer households. Stratified analyses by gender showed HIV/AIDS was generally concentrated among wealthier men and women. In some countries, including Kenya, Lesotho Uganda, and Zambia, HIV/AIDS was concentrated among the poor in urban areas but among wealthier adults in rural areas. Decomposition analyses indicated that, besides wealth itself (median = 49%, interquartile range [IQR] = 90%), urban residence (median = 54%, IQR = 81%) was the most important factor contributing to the concentration of HIV/AIDS among wealthier participants in SSA countries.ConclusionsFurther work is needed to understand the mechanisms explaining the concentration of HIV/AIDS among wealthier individuals and urban residents in SSA. Higher prevalence of HIV/AIDS could be indicative of better care and survival among wealthier individuals and urban adults, or reflect greater risk behaviour and incidence. Moreover, differential findings across countries suggest that effective intervention efforts for reducing the burden of HIV/AIDS in the SSA should be country specific
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