Factors Affecting Water Quality and Microinvertebrate Distribution Within a Small Black Hills Stream

A comparative evaluation of the benthic macroinvertebrate fauna was conducted concurrently with a physiochemical investigation on Slate Creek, Pennington County, South Dakota in the Black Hills. Water quality differences between years and among stations were detected in Slate Creek from both physiochemical and macroinvertebrate evaluations. The primary sources of disturbance to the Slate Creek study site during the sampling period were landscaping activities within the Deerfield Park Resort development and livestock activity. Increased runoff and elevated stream flows in 1982 were responsible for the variation in water quality between years. Water quality differences among stations indicated significantly (P \u3c 0.05) higher turbidity and temperature immediately below the development site in 1981 and 1982. Significantly (P \u3c 0.05) higher fecal coliform bacteria counts were observed at station 5 for both years, resulting from increased livestock activity. Phosphates and nitrates were highest at stations 4 and 5 but were not significantly (P \u3e 0.05) different from the other stations in either year. Conductivity, hardness, alkalinity, and pH were significantly (P \u3c 0.05) lower at station 2 for both years due to natural variation within the watershed. Physiochemical differences between years and among stations resulted in subsequent changes in the macroinvertebrate fauna. Differences from above and below the development site were observed among both macroinvertebrate species and assemblages. Species with a higher tolerance to sedimentation were more abundant in downstream stations. Among the community indices utilized, the biotic index provided the greatest discrimination among stations and tended to group stations above and below the development sit

Directions for Travellers on the Mystic Path

Indonesi

Adat Atjèh

Indonesi

An Algebra of Hierarchical Graphs

We define an algebraic theory of hierarchical graphs, whose axioms characterise graph isomorphism: two terms are equated exactly when they represent the same graph. Our algebra can be understood as a high-level language for describing graphs with a node-sharing, embedding structure, and it is then well suited for defining graphical representations of software models where nesting and linking are key aspects

Parameterized Verification of Graph Transformation Systems with Whole Neighbourhood Operations

We introduce a new class of graph transformation systems in which rewrite rules can be guarded by universally quantified conditions on the neighbourhood of nodes. These conditions are defined via special graph patterns which may be transformed by the rule as well. For the new class for graph rewrite rules, we provide a symbolic procedure working on minimal representations of upward closed sets of configurations. We prove correctness and effectiveness of the procedure by a categorical presentation of rewrite rules as well as the involved order, and using results for well-structured transition systems. We apply the resulting procedure to the analysis of the Distributed Dining Philosophers protocol on an arbitrary network structure.Comment: Extended version of a submittion accepted at RP'14 Worksho

Adat Atjèh

Indonesi

Recommendations for the management of opioid-induced constipation - how to improve usability in clinical practice

INTRODUCTION: Opioid-induced constipation remains undertreated despite effective and safe treatment options exists. Previous guidelines have only been partially effective in improving management, possibly due to their complexity, and studies suggest that a simple setup of concise and behaviorally-orientated steps improves usability. AREAS COVERED: This article introduces the concept of opioid-induced constipation and provides an overview of existing guidelines in this field. We also propose simplified recommendations for managing opioid-induced constipation, derived from a synthesis of current guidelines and the principles of optimal guideline design theory. EXPERT OPINION: Despite standard treatment with laxatives and fluid intake in patients with opioid-induced constipation, escalation of treatment is often needed where μ-opioid receptor antagonists or newer medications such as lubiprostone, linaclotide, or prucalopride are used. Previous guidelines have not been used sufficiently and thus management of the condition is often insufficient. We therefore propose simplified recommendations to management, which we believe can come into broader use. It was validated in primary care for credibility, clarity, relevance, usability, and overall benefit. We believe that this initiative can lead to better management of the substantial proportion of patients suffering from side effects of opioids

Tropism of Puumala orthohantavirus and endoparasite coinfection in the bank vole reservoir

In Europe, most cases of human hantavirus disease are caused by Puumala orthohantavirus (PUUV) transmitted by bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus, syn. Myodes glareolus), in which PUUV causes inconspicuous infection. Little is known about tropism and endoparasite coinfections in PUUV-infected reservoir and spillover-infected rodents. Here, we characterized PUUV tropism, pathological changes and endoparasite coinfections. The voles and some non-reservoir rodents were examined histologically, immunohistochemically, by in situ hybridization, indirect IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. PUUV RNA and anti-PUUV antibodies were detected simultaneously in a large proportion of the bank voles, indicating persistent infection. Although PUUV RNA was not detected in non-reservoir rodents, the detection of PUUV-reactive antibodies suggests virus contact. No specific gross and histological findings were detected in the infected bank voles. A broad organ tropism of PUUV was observed: kidney and stomach were most frequently infected. Remarkably, PUUV was detected in cells lacking the typical secretory capacity, which may contribute to the maintenance of virus persistence. PUUV-infected wild bank voles were found to be frequently coinfected with Hepatozoon spp. and Sarcocystis (Frenkelia) spp., possibly causing immune modulation that may influence susceptibility to PUUV infection or vice versa. The results are a prerequisite for a deeper understanding of virus–host interactions in natural hantavirus reservoirs