Influence of transport on urban and rural development in Bosnia and Herzegovina

In this paper a possible influence of transport on urban and rural development in Bosnia and Herzegovina is being discussed. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, like in other former socialist countries of Europe, urban and rural development had a different importance in the past fifty years. Influence of transport on the future orientation of transport network and traffic courses in Bosnia and Herzegovina and on its geographic-traffic position is being evaluated. Overall economic development of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the past ten years has been marked by several important events, which reflected intensely in its transport as well as regional development. Inheritance that the country of Bosnia and Herzegovina bears from the former country will be a stumbling block for many years in its future rural and traffic development. This is the most evident in the area of orientation of transport network and business relations, as well as in instruments by which economic position of transport is regulated. Construction of new and extension and reconstruction of the existing roads in Bosnia and Herzegovina is an assumption that rural development of economy and population will be strongly affected by transport. It is also important to emphasize that the future economic growth of industrial production and the population growth, as well as development of demand for transport services will have a permanent growth by means of the future more developed transport. A bigger use of Bosnian transit routes by other countries will also have an influence on rural development considering the fact that international transport has been growing more rapidly in the world than local transport in the past decade. Transport system has a big importance in economic and social development of Bosnia and Herzegovina. First of all, it enables availability of all areas thus affecting the rural development

EXTREME PRECIPITATION INDICES IN VOJVODINA REGION (SERBIA)

The evolution of daily extreme precipitation from 1966 to 2013 in Vojvodina Region (Serbia) was investigated. We calculated trends of ten precipitation indices and tested their corresponding significances using the Student’s t-test for seven locations. The obtained results suggest that the climate of the northern and central parts of Vojvodina region becomes wetter in terms of precipitation magnitude and frequency, reflecting the characteristic of the central European regime, while the southernmost part of the region is drier, reflecting the characteristic of the Mediterranean regime. In addition, the results indicate an increase in the amount of precipitation in short time intervals. Positive annual trends are strongly influenced by the significant increase of autumn frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation. According to the correlation between extreme precipitation indices and atmospheric teleconnection patterns, it was found that the NAO has the strongest influence on precipitation intensity indices in spring and winter, while during winter it also affects the frequency of dry conditions. The EAWR pattern has a strong influence on the statistically significant positive autumn trends

The importance of ground-based and satellite observations for monitoring and estimation of UV radiation in Novi Sad (Serbia)

Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a significant health hazard in the warm part of the year. In order to assess the level of hazard and the effects of UV radiation on the living world, long-term measured or estimated data are needed. In Novi Sad, the measurement of UV radiation has been performed since 2003, while ozone measurements have been made since 2007. However, those data sets are too short for assessing long-term biological effects. Therefore, several techniques for reconstruction of UV radiation doses have been developed. Reconstruction techniques are based on using available ground-based measurements of the meteorological data and satellite measurements of the total ozone column. It is shown that techniques that use ozone data show better performance than those that use only ground-based meteorological measurements. However, the difference between the performances of the methods is smaller when it comes to the monthly values, indicating that the techniques which use only ground-based meteorological measurements are roughly as good as the ozone-based techniques for assessing long-term changes in the surface UV radiation. The statistically significant increasing long term-trend of annual mean erythemal UV doses (ERY) and the decreasing trend in the total ozone column in Novi Sad since 1981 have been noticed. An increase in ERY has been noticed in all the seasons except in autumn and it is the highest in winter. The analysis showed that the increase in the ERY in the period 1981–1996 was mainly caused by the total ozone column, while the increase after 1996 is largely caused by cloudines

The importance of ground-based and satellite observations for monitoring and estimation of UV radiation in Novi Sad (Serbia)

Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a significant health hazard in the warm part of the year. In order to assess the level of hazard and the effects of UV radiation on the living world, long-term measured or estimated data are needed. In Novi Sad measurement of UV radiation has been performing since 2003, while ozone measurements are made since 2007. However, those data sets are too short for assessing long-term biological effects. Therefore, several techniques for reconstruction of UV radiation doses are developed. Reconstruction techniques were based on using available ground-based measurements of the meteorological data and satellite measurements of total ozone column. It is shown that techniques that use ozone data show better performance than those that use only ground-based meteorological measurements. However, the difference between the performances of the methods is smaller when it comes to the monthly values, indicating that the techniques which use only ground-based meteorological measurements are roughly as good as the ozone-based techniques for assessing long-term changes in the surface UV radiation. The statistical significant increasing long term-trend of annual mean erythemal UV doses (ERY) and the decreasing trend in total ozone column in Novi Sad since 1981 have been noticed. An increase in ERY was noticed in all seasons except in autumn and it was the highest in winter. The analysis showed that the increase in the ERY in the period 1981-1996 is mainly caused by the total ozone column, while the increase after 1996 is largely caused by cloudiness.This conference was held from 10 to 13 May in Petnica Science Centre, City of Valjevo

Towards UAV Assisted Monitoring Of An Aquatic Vegetation Within The Large Rivers – The Middle Danube

UAV technologies provide a time- and cost-efficient framework for a variety of environmental monitoring domains. It also increases data resolution and provides new insights into observed objects and phenomena, especially within the difficult-to-access and complex for monitoring aquatic habitats. The objective of this study was to develop UAV-based acquisition and GIS-based image processing guidelines for aquatic macrophyte detection and monitoring in large temperate rivers. According to the European standard CEN EN -14184:2014, the assessment of aquatic macrophytes should be performed using the transect approach. Large rivers, such as the Danube, represent an exception and should be evaluated using 1km transects. Therefore, seven transects of the Middle Danube in Serbia were simultaneously surveyed using traditional field methods and novel UAV technology. UAV images were acquired using RGB and multispectral cameras carried by a fixed-wing drone. The images were processed and orthomosaics were classified using Object Based Image Analysis (OBIA), to create digital GIS maps of the river transects. During the traditional monitoring approach, the relative abundance of 22 macrophyte species was recorded along the transects. Using the UAV technology and OBIA approach eight macrophyte classes were distinguished based on dominant macrophyte taxa or plant life form traits. Aquatic macrophytes were 'almost perfectly' distinguished from the orthomosaics, achieving a high classification accuracy of 96 % / 88 % / 0.84 for RGB and 94 % / 97 % / 0.95 Producers /Users accuracy/Kappa index for the multispectral approach. Individual macrophyte classes accuracy varied between 0.5 and 1 Kappa and were generally higher for the multispectral imagery approach. Although the resolution of the taxonomic data is lower, UAV monitoring provided the necessary spatial context of macrophytes distribution and absolute area occupied by macrophytes. It also provided information on the diversity and distribution of habitats along the river. Therefore, the UAV-assisted monitoring approach described in this study can be effectively integrated into macrophyte monitoring during large river expeditions such as the JDS

Climate change effects and UV-B radiation in the Vojvodina region, Serbia under the SRES-A2

In this article we considered the extreme temperatures, precipitation and UV-B radiation in Vojvodina region, Serbia. We describe the actual climate conditions for the period 1981-2007 and applied a dynamic downscaling technique using the EBU-POM regional coupled climate model under the SRES-A2 scenario to assess the changes for the period 2021-2100. The results indicate that a warmer and drier climate in the Vojvodina region can be expected at the end of the century. Projection of climate indicates to a strong increase in the mean annual minimum temperatures, and much smaller increase in the mean annual maximum temperatures. The increase of both extreme temperatures is predicted to be the highest in the winter and the lowest in the summer. Mean annual precipitation is projected to increase toward the end of the first half of the 21st century and to decrease for the last 30 years of the 21st century. Precipitation amount will be the highest during the winter and spring. The model simulations show that, by the end of this century, annual mean UV-B dose will recover by 5.2%. Recovery will be faster in the first half of the 21st century and more slowly later on. The UV-B doses recovery is expected to be the highest during the autumn and spring

Predicting Retention Effects of a Riparian Zone in An Agricultural Landscape: Implication for Eutrophication Control of the Tisza River, Serbia

We explored the long-term influence of land use in the riparian zone on the water quality of the Tisza River, as a model of a non-wadeable lowland river located in a temperate, predominantly agricultural landscape. The analysis was based on a comparison of water quality variables between three river sites having contrasting, but constant land use patterns (in 500 m upstream radius) during the study period (2006-2019). While the first river site was characterized primarily by forests, the second and the third were dominated by urban and agricultural areas respectively. The variables which showed a significant difference between the pairs of sampling sites were oxygen saturation, nitrite nitrogen, total nitrogen, and orthophosphates. In contrast to urban and agricultural land, riparian forests showed a positive long-term influence on the river water quality. Natural and seminatural forests and shrubs had a favorable long-term influence on nutrient concentrations and oxygen regime of the Tisza River. However, the retention effects of orthophosphates and nitrite/nitrate content here were relatively low, demonstrating the limited performance of riparian buffers as a main or only management option in the Pannonian landscape, as the agricultural hotspot of Central and Eastern Europe. In conclusion, the riparian buffer assessment design applied in this study may be successfully used in pre-restoration monitoring, prior to the construction of buffer strips

Thermal regime of annual air temperature in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Horizontal air temperature is defined by the value of the mean air temperature for a certain surface area unit. It is defined by the value of horizontal thermal gradient, i.e. the value of average change of horizontal temperature per unit area. In order to define the horizontal change of air temperature in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a GRID thermal model was constructed whose spatial resolution is 20 m. Based on obtained thermal model geo-database it was determined that the mean annual air temperature for the whole area of Bosnia and Herzegovina is about 10.9 °C, keeping in mind that there are significant thermal differences with respect to the two existing climate zones. More specifically, on the territory of the northern temperate climate zone the average annual temperature is about 9.7 °C, while in the Mediterranean climate zone the said value is 12.1 °C. In this work, it was also found that thermal contrasts are very pronounced as well, due to the fact that average annual temperature in the highest mountain peak zones in southeastern Bosnian highlands is negative and is found to be -1.4 °C (Maglić peak), while at the Neum coastal zone it is measured at 15.9 °C. The above stated pronounced thermal contrasts are determined on a small horizontal distance, as a consequence of climactic position of Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as highly pronounced terrain dynamics

Diversification of tourism offer as a means of socio-economic development of peripheral regions

Many modern countries have significant problems with disparities in development between core and periphery. Municipality of Kupres in Bosnia and Herzegovina is one typical example of peripheral area, which is located within the sparsely populated region of Dinaric Karst Highland. It is taken for the case study in this paper, because it shows certain signs of economic activation in the field of tourism. However, its mainstream tourism offer is of seasonal character, and it is not sufficient for sustainable economic growth and significant progress in socio-economic sense. That is why tourism offer need to become more diversified. Methodology in this paper is focused on analysis of all potentials and motives that wider area of Kupres possesses, which can be valorized through systematic approach of institutions and local community. It is intended to emphasize a significance of geographical expertise in these kinds of problematic. Field research and GIS analysis are used for exploration of study area

Uspostava zaštićenih područja prirode u Kantonu Sarajevo i mogućnosti njihove ekoturističke valorizacije

Official reports of the cantonal ministry of economy on tourism trends within Canton Sarajevo reveal that ecotourism potentials in the area of the examined canton have not been entirely evaluated yet. Of 80,280 registered tourists that visited the canton in 2002, non-urban municipalities (Ilijaš, Trnovo, Hadžići, and Vogošća) were visited by 17,715 tourists, accounting for only 21%of the total number of visitors. Considering that these municipalities are geographically the largest yet demographically the least populated, it can be concluded that their natural potentials are poorly exploited for ecotourism purposesthis statement is further confirmed by the fact that the largest portion of the established protected natural areas (approximately 71%) is situated in these municipalities. Adding the sparsely populated and urbanized peripheral areas of the municipality of Ilidža (with the natural monument at the spring of the river Bosna - \u27Vrelo Bosne\u27) that were also visited by a relatively low number of tourists (approximately 13,000), a clear picture of negative ecotourism trends in the canton emerges. Aiming to enhance the protection of nature and the development of tourism in the natural protected areas, their management has been conceded to the public forestry company \u27Sarajevošume\u27. In addition, significant efforts have been invested into the protection of mounts Igman, Bjelašnica, and Trebević through their inclusion into the network of protected natural areas in the canton, following the principle of nucleus, island, and corridor