Integrating the Agricultural Sector into the New EU Climate Policy Framework for 2030: A Scenario Analysis to Highlight Potential Impacts and Challenges

According to the European Council's recent agreement on domestic climate and energy goals, greenhouse gas emissions from sectors outside the EU's Emission Trading Scheme have to be cut by 30% below 2005 levels by 2030. So far no decision has been taken on agriculture's specific involvement in mitigation obligations or on how mitigation targets would be distributed between Member States. Based on hypothetical assumptions, we employ the CAPRI model to illustrate and highlight some potential impacts and challenges related to an integration of the agricultural sector into the new EU climate policy framework. Results of the hypothetical mitigation policy scenario show important impacts on EU agriculture, in particular the livestock sector, if the distribution key of the current Effort Sharing Decision would be rigidly applied as in our assumptions. The results highlight the importance of a targeted but flexible implementation of mitigation policy instruments in the EU and its Member States, as well as the need for a wider consideration and adoption of technological mitigation options

An economic assessment of GHG mitigation policy options for EU agriculture

The report presents an overview of the historical and projected development of agricultural GHG emissions in the EU. The major objective of the report is to present the improvements made in the CAPRI modelling system with respect to GHG emission accounting and especially regarding the implementation of endogenous technological mitigation options. Furthermore, the CAPRI model was applied to provide a quantitative assessment of illustrative GHG mitigation policy options in the agricultural sector, and their production and economic implications.JRC.J.4-Agriculture and Life Sciences in the Econom

The last battle of Emperor Julian (24–26 VII 363)

The article describes the battle between the armies of the Roman Empire and the Sasanid Persia, that took place in the second half of July 363. Emperor Julian prepared war against the Persia ruled by Shapur II. The campaign was carried out successfully until the imperial troops arrived at Ctesiphon. From this point forward, the Persians took advantage. The critical point was a stock of supplies of the Roman army, which became very short in June 363. Moreover, Julian ordered to reduce the amount of meals. Acquisition of stocks has become an important goal in Shapur II activities, because the destruction of part of the carts carrying food could lead to loss in the combat effectiveness of the Romans. During the battle of Samarra or Maranga (place of the battle is questionable), Sasanid troops managed to destroy a significant part of carts carrying supplies. Moreover, in the course of the battle many of the Roman officials and the Emperor Julian himself were killed. In the article the most important are the assumptions of the tactical side of the Shapur II’s plan, as well as the reaction of the Roman army in the difficult situation in the battle