From Conflict to Cooperation: How Good Governance Fosters Peace and Stability

This paper aims at analyzing the connection between governance and the processes of enhancing or negating peace and stability in societies. It claims that such policies as non-violent, accountable, transparent, and rule of law types act as strong prerequisites for resolving issues and establishing a spirit of cooperation. By exploring the efficiency of governance structures these abstract aims to show how such structures help avoid conflicts by implementing several methods of distributing resources fairly, safeguarding human rights and cooperating through institutional channels. This proves factual references and well-articulated examples that argue that the regions with strong governance systems have reduced levels of violence and political instabilities in a region. Moreover, the paper also aims at reflecting on the international organizations and local government involvement as they address the need to support governance reform aimed at strengthening society against conflict. To sum up, the abstract states that analyzing the transition from conflict relationships to cooperation ones for the given regions and countries, it is possible to notice that governmental structures are not the only key drivers of effective change; active civic engagement and the dynamic development of governance practices that can meet the modern needs of society play a significant role as well. Therefore, based on the multifaceted cross sectional analysis of this paper, the author will aim at offering a new perception towards the core of the discourse on peacebuilding, with an emphasis on the application of governance fundamentals in the achievement and sustenance of durable peace. Keywords: Conflict, Cooperation, Good Governance, Bad Governance, Peace & Stabilit

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

اردو شاعری میں مستعمل سالم بحور

The knowledge of prosody is important  in the writing of any poetic work. Prosody mainly deals with the rules that describe the diction and metrical structure of poetry. It was first coined by the Arab linguists then introduced to Persian literature and finally included in Urdu literature as well. The total number of ‘’Salim Bahoor’’ in Arabic and non-Arabic language is nineteen but the Scholars of Urdu language employed only ‘’ Mufrad Saalim Bahoor’’ in poetry of Urdu language, based on the disposition and nature of Urdu. They further narrowed its use and thus now there are only Six ‘’ Mufrad Saalim Bahoor’’ that are commonly used in Urdu poetry .This article deals with the various technicalitie

تعيين أقل مقدار المهر عند الحنفية بعد نقص سعر الدراهم الفضية: دراسة فقهية تحليلية للمجتمع الباكستاني: DETERMINING THE LOWEST AMOUNT OF DOWRY ACCORDING TO THE ḤANFĪ SCHOOL OF THOUGHTS AFTER THE DECREASE IN THE PRICE OF SILVER DIRHAMS: AN ANALYTICAL AND JURISPRUDENTIAL STUDY OF PAKISTANI SOCIETY

The lowest amount of the dowry is estimated with the price of ten silver’s dirhams or its value according to Ḥanfī School of thoughts. As for this paper, it discusses that the obscene change has occurred in silver dirhamas’s price until its price decreased approximately 138.47% (7.43 times) in relation to the value of sheep or 201.97% (9.38 times) in relation to the price of gold. After occurring this huge changes, the current price of these ten dirhamas will not be sufficient in place of ten dirhams. So this paper is about to find out the alternative price for these dirhams in the current era. Finally, it concludes that the minimum amount of dowry will be determined with the price of 4.374 grams of gold or with the price of two goats according to ḥanfī school of thought in the current era

Entrepreneurial Leadership and Creativity in Projects: A Moderated-Mediated Mechanism.

For managers/leaders without creativity and innovation, it's difficult to compete effectively on the market. Employee top success is not often enough to achieve a strategic edge in which creative attitudes and innovation can be counted as materials to create. An entrepreneurial leadership style is recognised as a crucial source of enhancing creativity in project-based organisations. However current research will provide empirical evidence in which leadership leads to creativity in projects through Innovative Work Behaviour (IWB) and Entrepreneurial SelfEfficacy (ESE) as a moderator. For this purpose, the leaders/managers in the project-based organisations are in the twin cities of Peshawar and Nowshera, KP; Pakistan was taken as a population of the study. All the four variables were measured through adopted instruments from the previous studies. Due to time, cost and other constraints, the study has employed the convenience sampling technique to gathered data. The collected data was run through various statistical techniques such as data cleaning, internal consistency, CFA and relationship via Structural Educational Modelling using CB AMOS 23. The results of the study found that Entrepreneurial leadership has significant and positive association with creativity in projects. The study also examined that innovative work behaviour partially mediates the association between Entrepreneurial leadership and has significant and positive association with creativity in projects. Further, the study also found that entrepreneurial self-efficacy moderates the association between entrepreneurial leadership and has significant and positive association with creativity in projects