3D Evaluation of Root Canal Configuration of Mandibular Premolars Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT)

Background: Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) provides 3D image, which can help in identifying more than one canals, accessory and lateral canals. This study aimed to evaluate the commonly found root canal morphology of mandibular premolars according to Vertucci’s classification in the target Pakistani population using CBCT. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study performed on n=432 mandibular premolars bilaterally. Patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were sent to radiology department for CBCT. The CBCT images were examined with the help of 3D planner version 2.0_2018 villa SM 2018 software. For the number of the roots, position of the root, canal bifurcation and Vertucci’s classification of root canals Descriptive and Chi-squared statistics were applied to observe most prevalent type of Vertucci’s classification and to study its association between genders. Results: Type I root canal configuration was identified as most common type in mandibular first premolars of right side [males: 36(87.8%); females: 65(100%)] and left side [males: 37(90.2%); females: 65(100%)]. In mandibular second premolar Type I was commonly observed in right as well as left side [males: 34(82.9%), females: 60(92.3%)]. Type V 3 (3.8%) was the second most common type followed by Type IV 1 (100%). The significant difference was observed in both males and females mandibular first premolars right and left sides (p=0.016, p=0.01 respectively). Conclusion: Type-I root canal configuration in mandibular first premolars of right side was found the most common in the targeted population. We also found that mandibular first and second premolars are single-rooted and have single ovoid canal. Keywords: Mandibular Premolars; Cone Beam Computed Tomography; Gender; Sexual Differentiation; Root Canal Configuration

Analysis of Root Angulation of Maxillary Central Incisor Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT)

  Background: Variance in anatomical morphology is influenced by the axial inclination of the tooth. When looking at the axial tilt of the crown, it's common to assume that it follows the same axis as the root. This study aims to use Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) to determine the root angulation correlation in maxillary central incisors. Methods: This cross-sectional observational research was performed at Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS). The CBCT scans of patients who matched the inclusion criteria were done by skilled radiography technicians and primary investigators on ROTOGRAPH EVO 3D. For statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA was utilized to examine the Root Angulation (RA) with different root positions. p-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: This study examined n=152 CBCT images. Mean age was 27.2 + 5.9 years, with 32(42.1%) men and 44(44.1%) females. Buccal subtype I was most prevalent (59, 38.8%) in maxillary central incisors, while buccal subtype III was least common (5, 3.3%). The root angulations varied significantly between root location classifications (p=0.007). These were intermediate root location (14.9 2.6 degrees) and buccal subtype III (14.28 2.25 degrees). The palatal root type had the least angle (3.73 1.5 degrees). Conclusion: The buccal root position was shown to be the most common root location. Buccal subtype I was by far the most common. Buccal subtype III and middle root location had the maximum root angle. The palatal root position had the smallest angle

Impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Inflows on Equilibrium Real Exchange Rate of Pakistan

This study aims to analyze the impact of foreign exchange inflows on equilibrium real exchange rate of Pakistan for the period 1993 M7 to 2009 M3 through behavioral equilibrium real exchange rate (BEER) approach. The BEER approach uses econometric technique of cointegration to establish a behavioral link between the real exchange rate and relevant macroeconomic fundamentals. The study shall conclude that massive foreign direct investment inflows and workers &lsquo;remittances have significantly appreciated equilibrium real exchange rate of Pakistan. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of foreign exchange inflows in Pakistan in the form of FDI and workers&rsquo; remittances on equilibrium real exchange rate of Pakistan.&nbsp

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination modelling for safe surgery to save lives: data from an international prospective cohort study

Background Preoperative SARS-CoV-2 vaccination could support safer elective surgery. Vaccine numbers are limited so this study aimed to inform their prioritization by modelling. Methods The primary outcome was the number needed to vaccinate (NNV) to prevent one COVID-19-related death in 1 year. NNVs were based on postoperative SARS-CoV-2 rates and mortality in an international cohort study (surgical patients), and community SARS-CoV-2 incidence and case fatality data (general population). NNV estimates were stratified by age (18-49, 50-69, 70 or more years) and type of surgery. Best- and worst-case scenarios were used to describe uncertainty. Results NNVs were more favourable in surgical patients than the general population. The most favourable NNVs were in patients aged 70 years or more needing cancer surgery (351; best case 196, worst case 816) or non-cancer surgery (733; best case 407, worst case 1664). Both exceeded the NNV in the general population (1840; best case 1196, worst case 3066). NNVs for surgical patients remained favourable at a range of SARS-CoV-2 incidence rates in sensitivity analysis modelling. Globally, prioritizing preoperative vaccination of patients needing elective surgery ahead of the general population could prevent an additional 58 687 (best case 115 007, worst case 20 177) COVID-19-related deaths in 1 year. Conclusion As global roll out of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination proceeds, patients needing elective surgery should be prioritized ahead of the general population.The aim of this study was to inform vaccination prioritization by modelling the impact of vaccination on elective inpatient surgery. The study found that patients aged at least 70 years needing elective surgery should be prioritized alongside other high-risk groups during early vaccination programmes. Once vaccines are rolled out to younger populations, prioritizing surgical patients is advantageous

ISARIC-COVID-19 dataset: A Prospective, Standardized, Global Dataset of Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19

The International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) COVID-19 dataset is one of the largest international databases of prospectively collected clinical data on people hospitalized with COVID-19. This dataset was compiled during the COVID-19 pandemic by a network of hospitals that collect data using the ISARIC-World Health Organization Clinical Characterization Protocol and data tools. The database includes data from more than 705,000 patients, collected in more than 60 countries and 1,500 centres worldwide. Patient data are available from acute hospital admissions with COVID-19 and outpatient follow-ups. The data include signs and symptoms, pre-existing comorbidities, vital signs, chronic and acute treatments, complications, dates of hospitalization and discharge, mortality, viral strains, vaccination status, and other data. Here, we present the dataset characteristics, explain its architecture and how to gain access, and provide tools to facilitate its use