Iterative forcing and hyperimmunity in reverse mathematics

The separation between two theorems in reverse mathematics is usually done by constructing a Turing ideal satisfying a theorem P and avoiding the solutions to a fixed instance of a theorem Q. Lerman, Solomon and Towsner introduced a forcing technique for iterating a computable non-reducibility in order to separate theorems over omega-models. In this paper, we present a modularized version of their framework in terms of preservation of hyperimmunity and show that it is powerful enough to obtain the same separations results as Wang did with his notion of preservation of definitions.Comment: 15 page

"The California critical thinking instruments for benchmarking, program assessment, and directing curricular change"

Charles R. Phillips is an Associate Professor of Pharmacy Administration/Dept. Chair of Pharmacy Practice, Renae J. Chesnut is Associate Dean for Academic and Student Affairs. Raylene M. Rospond is Dean, Pharmacy and Health Sciences. All three are in the College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences at Drake University. They can be contacted at: [email protected], [email protected], and [email protected]. To assess pharmacy students’ critical thinking (CT) measures and identify areas for curricular reform. Methods. Pharmacy students were given the California Critical Thinking Skills Test and Disposition Index at various points in the PharmD program. Scores were compared with a national referent group and evaluated for changes across the curriculum and between classes. Results. Students were comparable to national norms. Pretest and posttest scores for total disposition showed improvement. Scores in all subcategories except for truth-seeking were consistently above 40. The CT skills of the pharmacy students varied compared with those of referent students, but the pharmacy students’ overall score of 18 was in the 73rd percentile. Pre- and post-skills scores showed improvement. Students scoring low on the pretest improved more than those scoring high. Conclusions. Students had a consistent disposition towards CT and compared favorably to national norms. Both disposition and skills improved across the curriculum. Dimensions of critical thinking on which students score low should be areas for curricular and other program changes

Relationship between dietary habits and nutritional status among adolescents in Abuja municipal area council of Nigeria

Background: Dietary intake assessment is essential to understanding the nutritional status. Healthy eating pattern promotes optimal health, growth and intellectual development and prevents diseases, while poor dietary eating choices may cause malnutrition.Aims: To determine the dietary eating patterns and nutritional status among adolescents in secondary schools within Abuja Municipal area council (AMAC).Subjects and Methods: crosssectional among adolescents, 10 – 19years in secondary schools within AMAC, Nigeria. Using a multistage stratified sampling technique, four urban and four rural schools, 1550 students, were enrolled. Subject’s bio data, dietary habits and knowledge of nutrition and general physical examination were obtained. Dietary assessment included intake of main meals (breakfast, lunch and dinner), skipping meals; methods used to control weight in the previous 30days; knowledge and preference of a balanced diet and food choices. Subject’s height and weight and Body Mass Index (BMI) were determined using the 2007 WHO charts. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 17 statistical package and p value less than 0.05 was significant.Results: 1550 students were recruited, males 688 (44.4%) and females 862 (55.6%); mean age 14.43±1.94 years. Of the 780 urban adolescents, 502 (64.4%) were of upper class and 68 (8.7%) lower class; and of the 770 (49.7%) rural, 206 (26.8%) and 232 (30.1%) belong to upper and lower class respectively, p=.000. Stunting 174(11.2%) and overweight 195(12.6%) were the major forms of malnutrition recorded. Food preferences was based mainly on good taste in 546 (35.2%), balanced diet 530 (34.2%); and 539 (34.8%) had good nutritional knowledge of a balanced diet. Five hundred and forty six (35.2%) admitted to taking carbonated drinks within the previous 7days and 147 (9.5%) missed breakfast, lunch and supper as single meal. Breakfast only was skipped by 71(4.6%) while 160 (10.3%) took lunch outside the home. The methods used to control weight were eating less food or fats, fasting, use of diet pills, inducing vomiting/use of laxatives. Skipping meals and taking meals outside the home was significant for the sex, (p value <0.05), school setting (p value .000) and the infrequent intake of fruits/ vegetables (p value .025). Those that skipped meals showed significant stunting (p value .009), while those who took fruits and vegetables infrequently had significant wasting (p value .049).Conclusion: poor dietary habits were identified among the adolescent. Malnutrition especially stunting and wasting was identified among those that skipped meals and took little fruits and vegetables.Key words: dietary habits, adolescent, urban, rural, prevalence, nutritional status, carbonated drinks

Vapor Pressure of Ionic Liquids

We argue that the extremely low vapor pressures of room temperature ionic liquids near their triple points are due to the combination of strong ionic characters and of low melting temperatures.Comment: Initially submitted manuscript of article M. Bier and S. Dietrich, Mol. Phys. 108, 211 (2010) [Corrigendum: Mol. Phys. 108, 1413 (2010)

Ecosystem turnover in palaeoecological records: the sensitivity of pollen and phytolith proxies to detecting vegetation change in southwestern Amazonia

Identification of ecosystem turnover in the palaeo-vegetation record is important for understanding the resilience of ecosystems to past environmental change. There is uncertainty over the ability of different types of palaeo-vegetation proxy to detect ecosystem turnover. The aim of this paper is to compare the sensitivity of two palaeo-vegetation proxies - pollen and phytoliths - to changes within and between three key tropical South American ecosystems: evergreen forest, dry forest and savannah. A quantitative approach is used to assess the sensitivity of these two proxies to vegetation changes, based on the variability of proxy assemblages from 1-hectare ecological plots in ecotonal south west Amazonia. This modern dataset of proxy variability within evergreen forest, dry forest and savannah plots is then used to define thresholds for proxy variability which differentiate floristic changes within an ecosystem from ecosystem turnover. These thresholds are applied to two palaeo-vegetation records from NE Bolivia. Our results show that pollen is more sensitive than phytoliths to changes within evergreen forest, but phytoliths are more sensitive than pollen to changes within dry forest. Both proxies were equally sensitive to changes within savannas. These are important considerations for palaeoecologists selecting proxies for the study of ecosystem turnover in the palaeo-record. Application of the thresholds to the palaeo-record demonstrated the utility of this quantitative approach for assessing the magnitude of vegetation change in the palaeo-record. This quantitative approach is therefore a useful tool to improve the identification of ecosystem turnover in the palaeo-record

It is Time for New Perspectives on How to Fight Bloat in GP

The present and future of evolutionary algorithms depends on the proper use of modern parallel and distributed computing infrastructures. Although still sequential approaches dominate the landscape, available multi-core, many-core and distributed systems will make users and researchers to more frequently deploy parallel version of the algorithms. In such a scenario, new possibilities arise regarding the time saved when parallel evaluation of individuals are performed. And this time saving is particularly relevant in Genetic Programming. This paper studies how evaluation time influences not only time to solution in parallel/distributed systems, but may also affect size evolution of individuals in the population, and eventually will reduce the bloat phenomenon GP features. This paper considers time and space as two sides of a single coin when devising a more natural method for fighting bloat. This new perspective allows us to understand that new methods for bloat control can be derived, and the first of such a method is described and tested. Experimental data confirms the strength of the approach: using computing time as a measure of individuals' complexity allows to control the growth in size of genetic programming individuals

Correction to: Sol–Gel Synthesis of High-Density Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework Monoliths via Ligand Assisted Methods: Exceptional Porosity, Hydrophobicity, and Applications in Vapor Adsorption (Advanced Functional Materials, (2021), 31, 5, (2008357), 10.1002/adfm.202008357)

In the original published version of this article, the bulk densities of the powder ZIF-8 and ZIF-67 were quoted as 0.96 g/cm3 and 0.94 g/cm3 respectively. However, the values for the powder samples’ true density were quoted in error. The correct bulk densities, used for calculating volume-relative capacities and surface areas, were 0.39 g/cm3 and 0.38 g/cm3 for ZIF-8 and ZIF-67, respectively. As this affects the calculated ‘volume-relative’ quantities, corrected tables and graphs are included below. The authors apologise for any inconvenience or confusion this error may have caused. Corrected tables Corrected values will be written and underlined in red. 1 Table Physical characteristics of ZIF samples. Surface areas and porosities expressed in mass-relative and volume-relative terms. Tpycometry = 25 °C. Tgas adsorption = -196 °C (Table presented.) a) Volume-relative quantities calculated by multiplying bulk density by mass-relative quantity b) Due to lack of micropores within sample, micropore volume could not be determined. 3 Table Summary of low concentration dynamic adsorption experiments. All measurements carried out at a toluene partial pressure of 0.00026, and a temperature of 25 °C (Table presented.) a) Calculated by dividing capacity when toluene is first detected by the capacity when the inlet and outlet concentrations of toluene are equal. 4 Table Estimated mass-relative and volume-relative toluene vapour capture productivities for adsorbents. Calculated using gravimetric toluene adsorption data at a partial pressure of 0.1 and a temperature of 25 °C (Table presented.) a) Time taken to reach a mass gradient value of 0.00075% dry mass per minute. Corrected main text figures 6 Figure (Figure presented.) Co-sorption volume-relative toluene vapour capacities as a function of process humidity, for zinc (left) and cobalt (right) ZIF samples. Partial pressure of toluene in all measurements, P/P0 = 0.005, while water vapour partial pressure varied. All measurements carried out at 25 °C. Corrected supplementary information figures S4 Figure (Figure presented.) Volume-relative nitrogen adsorption isotherms for zinc (left) and cobalt (right) samples. Temperature in all experiments is -196 °C. S5 Figure (Figure presented.) Volume-relative adsorption isotherms for zinc (left) and cobalt (right) samples: water (top), toluene (middle), methanol (bottom). Temperature in all experiments is 25 °C

The development of the size–weight illusion in children coincides with the development of nonverbal cognition rather than motor skills

This is the final version. Available on open access from Elsevier via the DOI in this recordWe examined how the strength of the size–weight illusion develops with age in typically developing children. To this end, we recruited children aged 5–12 years and quantified the degree to which they experienced the illusion. We hypothesized that the strength of the illusion would increase with age. The results supported this hypothesis. We also measured abilities in manual dexterity, receptive language, and abstract reasoning to determine whether changes in illusion strength were associated with these factors. Manual dexterity and receptive language did not correlate with illusion strength. Conversely, illusion strength and abstract reasoning were tightly coupled with each other. Multiple regression further revealed that age, manual dexterity, and receptive language did not contribute more to the variance in illusion strength beyond children's abilities in abstract reasoning. Taken together, the effects of age on the size–weight illusion appear to be explained by the development of nonverbal cognition. These findings not only inform the literature on child development but also have implications for theoretical explanations on the size–weight illusion. We suggest that the illusion has a strong acquired component to it and that it is strengthened by children's reasoning skills and perhaps an understanding of the world that develops with age.Australian Research Counci