Horizontal variability of the marine boundary layer structure upwind of San Nicolas Island during FIRE, 1987

During the months of June and July 1987, the Marine Stratocumulus Intensive Field Observation Experiment of First ISCCP Regional Experiment (FIRE) was conducted in the Southern California offshore area in the vicinity of San Nicolas Island (SNI). The Naval Ocean Systems Center (NOSC) airborne platform was utilized during FIRE to investigate the upwind low level horizontal variability of the marine boundary layer structure to determine the representativeness of SNI-based measurements to upwind open ocean conditions. The NOSC airborne meteorological platform made three flights during FIRE, two during clear sky conditions (19 and 23 July), and one during two stratus conditions (15 July). The boundary layer structure variations associated with the stratus clouds of 15 July 1987 are discussed. Profiles of air temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH) taken 'at' and 'upwind' of SNI do show differences between the so-called open ocean conditions and those taken near the island. However, the observed difference cannot be uniquely identified to island effects, especially since the upwind fluctuations of AT and RH bound the SNI measurements. Total optical depths measures at SNI do not appear to be greatly affected by any surface based aerosol effects created by the island and could therefore realistically represent open ocean conditions. However, if one were to use the SNI aerosol measurements to predict ship to ship EO propagation conditions, significant errors could be introduced due to the increased number of surface aerosols observed near SNI which may not be, and were not, characteristic of open ocean conditions. Sea surface temperature measurements taken at the island will not, in general, represent those upwind open ocean conditions. Also, since CTT's varied appreciably along the upwind radials, measurements of CTT over the island may not be representative of actual open ocean CTT's

A new generation of real-time DOS technology for mission-oriented system integration and operation

Information is given on system integration and operation (SIO) requirements and a new generation of technical approaches for SIO. Real-time, distribution, survivability, and adaptability requirements and technical approaches are covered. An Alpha operating system program management overview is outlined

Movements, Habitat Utilization, and Post-Release Survival of Cobia (Rachycentron Canadum) That Summer in Virginia Waters Determined Using Pop-Up Satellite Archival Tags (Psats)

Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) is a cosmopolitan marine fish inhabiting tropical, sub-tropical, and temperate marine and estuarine waters. Recent changes in U.S. cobia management have sparked controversy and highlighted limitations in our understanding of seasonal movement patterns and problems with estimating recreational harvests. Consecutive years (2015 and 2016) of estimated overharvests from the Atlantic Migratory Group stock triggered accountability measures to prevent overfishing by recreational anglers. My project employed pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs) to study cobia movements, habitat utilization, and post-release survival. It was, therefore, designed to enhance knowledge of cobia biology and aid sustainable management. We deployed 36 PSATs on cobia caught in Virginia state waters using standard recreational techniques in August 2016 and August – September 2017. All fish larger than 37- inches total length were tagged, and several of these were deep-hooked. No mortalities were inferred from the 24 cobia whose PSATs reported. Only five PSATs remained attached until the 180-day programmed release date. This made it difficult to accurately describe cobia seasonal movement patterns, although it appears that areas near North Carolina\u27s continental shelf break may be important overwintering habitat. Other overwintering areas may exist, however, as some fish made longer migrations, and one PSAT reported in Florida waters (beyond the current stock demarcation boundary). Cobia have a strong affinity for waters ≥20°C, even in the coldest months. They also display distinct seasonal differences in vertical movement patterns which make them more susceptible to capture in the summer when Virginia recreational anglers often employ sight-fishing techniques

A Study of Groundwater Degradation Resulting from Wastewater Treatment by Lagooning

During the past quarter century, the utilization of lagoons as a means of waste treatment has increased dramatically. Communities which utilize this means of waste treatment tend to consider the sewage lagoon as providing complete or final treatment. Consideration was not given to problems caused by the treated waste after it was removed from the immediate environment. In the past few years there has been an increasing demand that the environment be protected, and the methods of waste disposal have come under scrutiny. It has been found that the elements causing eutrophication of lakes and reservoirs exist in substantial amounts in stabilized sewage effluent. The increased public awareness has fulfilled the urgent necessity of motivating people to conserve and protect natural resources. Although surface waters have been the primary concern, more consideration should be accorded the beneficial uses and public health aspects of groundwater contamination. In South Dakota, groundwater is the principal source of water because approximately two-thirds of the total water used originates from groundwater sources. Considering that about 20 per cent of the sewage lagoons leak excessively, there is a distinct possibility that the groundwater near some lagoons may become contaminated. Because the importance of maintaining the quality of groundwater resources cannot be disregarded, it was felt that a study involving ·the possibility of a sewage lagoon contaminating the groundwater was in order. Consequently, the Civil Engineering Department at South Dakota State University undertook the study as an extens1on of their work in groundwater contamination caused by waste disposal practices. The objectives for this study were as follows: 1. To determine the degradation of ground water quality in the vicinity of selected sewage lagoons by measuring the chlorides; specific conductance, pH, hardness, sodium, COD, nitrates and phosphates. 2. To determine the quantity of seepage from selected sewage lagoons by calculating a water balance, which includes evaporation, precipitation, the discharge from the lagoon and the amount of sewage pumped to the lagoon

Movements, habitat utilization, and post-release survival of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) that summer in Virginia waters assessed using pop-up satellite archival tags

Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) is a cosmopolitan marine fish that inhabits tropical, sub-tropical, and temperate marine and estuarine waters and supports a major recreational fishery along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts. Recent changes in U.S. cobia management have sparked controversy and highlighted limitations in our understanding of the species’ biology. This study utilized pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs) to assess the movements, habitat utilization, and post-release survival of cobia that summer in Virginia water

N = 2 conformal field theories from M2-branes at conifold singularities

We make some comments on the derivation of N=2 super-conformal field theories with smooth gauge group from M2-branes placed at conifold singularities, giving a detailed prescription for two specific examples: the singular cones over the Q^{111} and M^{110} manifolds.Comment: 1+11 pages, LaTeX2e file, clarified some points and added some reference

Progress towards the total synthesis of hamigerans C and D: a direct approach to an elaborated 6-7-5 carbocyclic core

The hamigeran family of natural products has been the target of numerous synthetic efforts because of its biological activity and interesting structural properties. Herein, we disclose our efforts toward the synthesis of hamigerans C and D, unique among the initially isolated members because of their 6-7-5 carbocyclic core. Our approach directly targets this tricyclic motif by sequential Negishi and Heck coupling reactions, yielding an advanced intermediate with all necessary carbons and sufficient functionality poised for completion of the synthesis of these two natural products

Estimating Consumersï¾’ Valuation of Organic and Cosmetically Damaged Apples

A mixed probit model was applied to survey data to analyze consumersï¾’ willingness to buy apples with cosmetic damage caused by the sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) disease complex. The analysis finds consumers will pay a premium for organic production methods and for apples with low amounts of SBFS damage. Behavioral variables such as experience in growing fruit significantly affect the willingness to buy apples of different damage levels. Consumersï¾’ tolerance of very blemished apples is limited and they trade off production technology attributes for cosmetic appearance. Better understanding of this trade-off is important to organic producersï¾’ decisions about disease control.

Estimating Consumers\u27 Valuation of Organic and Cosmetically Damaged Apples

The sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) disease complex causes cosmetic damage but does not affect the safety or eating quality of apples. Treatment for disease is more difficult and costly for organic producers, and consumers\u27 willingness to pay for organic apples needs to be considered in growers\u27 choice of production technologies. A mixed probit model was applied to survey data to evaluate consumers\u27 willingness to buy apples. The results show consumers will pay a premium for organic production methods and for apples with low amounts of SBFS damage. Behavioral variables such as experience growing fruit significantly affect the willingness to buy apples of different damage levels. Consumers have limited tolerance of very blemished apples and trade off production technology attributes for cosmetic appearance. Better understanding of this tradeoff can improve organic producers\u27 decisions about disease control