1,375 research outputs found
A computer program for the calculation of laminar and turbulent boundary layer flows
The results are presented of a study to produce a computer program to calculate laminar and turbulent boundary layer flows. The program is capable of calculating the following types of flow: (1) incompressible or compressible, (2) two dimensional or axisymmetric, and (3) flows with significant transverse curvature. Also, the program can handle a large variety of boundary conditions, such as blowing or suction, arbitrary temperature distributions and arbitrary wall heat fluxes. The program has been specialized to the calculation of equilibrium air flows and all of the thermodynamic and transport properties used are for air. For the turbulent transport properties, the eddy viscosity approach has been used. Although the eddy viscosity models are semi-empirical, the model employed in the program has corrections for pressure gradients, suction and blowing and compressibility. The basic method of approach is to put the equations of motion into a finite difference form and then solve them by use of a digital computer. The program is written in FORTRAN 4 and requires small amounts of computer time on most scientific machines. For example, most laminar flows can be calculated in less than one minute of machine time, while turbulent flows usually require three or four minutes
Particle-in-cell simulation study of the scaling of asymmetric magnetic reconnection with in-plane flow shear
We investigate magnetic reconnection in systems simultaneously containing
asymmetric (anti-parallel) magnetic fields, asymmetric plasma densities and
temperatures, and arbitrary in-plane bulk flow of plasma in the upstream
regions. Such configurations are common in the high-latitudes of Earth's
magnetopause and in tokamaks. We investigate the convection speed of the
X-line, the scaling of the reconnection rate, and the condition for which the
flow suppresses reconnection as a function of upstream flow speeds. We use
two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations to capture the mixing of plasma in
the outflow regions better than is possible in fluid modeling. We perform
simulations with asymmetric magnetic fields, simulations with asymmetric
densities, and simulations with magnetopause-like parameters where both are
asymmetric. For flow speeds below the predicted cutoff velocity, we find good
scaling agreement with the theory presented in Doss et al., J.~Geophys.~Res.,
120, 7748 (2015). Applications to planetary magnetospheres, tokamaks, and the
solar wind are discussed.Comment: 17 pages, 4 figures, submitted to Physics of Plasma
Modified NASA-Lewis chemical equilibrium code for MHD applications
A substantially modified version of the NASA-Lewis Chemical Equilibrium Code was recently developed. The modifications were designed to extend the power and convenience of the Code as a tool for performing combustor analysis for MHD systems studies. The effect of the programming details is described from a user point of view
Asymmetric magnetic reconnection with a flow shear and applications to the magnetopause
We perform a theoretical and numerical study of anti-parallel 2D magnetic
reconnection with asymmetries in the density and reconnecting magnetic field
strength in addition to a bulk flow shear across the reconnection site in the
plane of the reconnecting fields, which commonly occurs at planetary
magnetospheres. We predict the speed at which an isolated X-line is convected
by the flow, the reconnection rate, and the critical flow speed at which
reconnection no longer takes place for arbitrary reconnecting magnetic field
strengths, densities, and upstream flow speeds, and confirm the results with
two-fluid numerical simulations. The predictions and simulation results counter
the prevailing model of reconnection at Earth's dayside magnetopause which says
reconnection occurs with a stationary X-line for sub-Alfvenic magnetosheath
flow, reconnection occurs but the X-line convects for magnetosheath flows
between the Alfven speed and double the Alfven speed, and reconnection does not
occur for magnetosheath flows greater than double the Alfven speed. We find
that X-line motion is governed by momentum conservation from the upstream
flows, which are weighted differently in asymmetric systems, so the X-line
convects for generic conditions including sub-Alfvenic upstream speeds. For the
reconnection rate, while the cutoff condition for symmetric reconnection is
that the difference in flows on the two sides of the reconnection site is twice
the Alfven speed, we find asymmetries cause the cutoff speed for asymmetric
reconnection to be higher than twice the asymmetric form of the Alfven speed.
The results compare favorably with an observation of reconnection at Earth's
polar cusps during a period of northward interplanetary magnetic field, where
reconnection occurs despite the magnetosheath flow speed being more than twice
the magnetosheath Alfven speed, the previously proposed suppression condition.Comment: 46 pages, 7 figures, abstract abridged here, accepted to Journal of
Geophysical Research - Space Physic
Durability of mitral valve reconstruction using the cosgrove edwards annuloplasty band at 5 years : From 23rd World Congress of the World Society of Cardio-Thoracic Surgeons. Split, Croatia. 12-15 September 2013
Oral presentation: 23rd World Congress of the World Society of Cardio-Thoracic Surgeons. Split, Croatia. 12-15 September 2013.
Background: In the past, questions have been raised, whether an open flexible annuloplasty band can reliably prevent recurrent mitral valve regurgitation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the durability of mitral valve repair at midterm, using the Cosgrove-Edwards annuloplasty band in a homogenic patient cohort.
Methods: From January 2004 to December 2007, 157 consecutive patients with degenerative mitral valve disease were included in the study. All had quadrangular resection of a P2 prolapse and annuloplasty with a Cosgrove-Edwards annuloplasty band. Clinical and echocardiography follow-up was complete.
Results: There was no intraoperative or 30 day mortality. After a mean follow-up of 5.0 ± 1.9 years, survival was 94.3%. At midterm, freedom from reoperations was 98.9%, freedom from thromboembolism was 97.5% and freedom from endocarditis was 99.4%. Echocardiography follow-up showed recurrent mitral valve regurgitation higher than grade 2 in two patients. Mean ejection fraction was 60.3 ± 10.2%, left atrial diameter was 42 ± 7 mm, mean gradient was 3.2 ± 1.4 mmHg, effective orifice area was 3.3 ± 1.3cm², mitral leaflet coaptation length was 7.5 ± 1.9 mm and mitral leaflet tethering height was 6.2 ± 2.3 mm.
Conclusion: Mitral valve repair using the Cosgrove annuloplasty band for degenerative mitral valve disease provides an effective and durable form of reconstruction
Oblique radiative shocks, including their interactions with nonradiative polytropic shocks
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/98755/1/PhysPlasmas_18_056901.pd
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Laser-Ionized Underdense Passive Plasma Lens for Focusing Electron Beams
Next generation accelerators and colliders using relativistic electron beams are continuously pushing the demand for higher luminosity beams with smaller and smaller spot sizes. To address this need, passive plasma lenses operating in the nonlinear blowout regime of beam-driven plasma wakefield acceleration (PWFA) are capable of providing focusing forces to electron beams orders of magnitude stronger than conventional quadrupole magnets. To realize these lenses in practice, high intensity lasers can be used to ionize a small volume of gas and producing a plasma lens with precisely determined density profile.
The quality of an electron beam focused by a plasma lens is determined by the phase space evolution of the beam while it is within the plasma wakefield. The strong electric fields can also increase an electron beam's emittance through chromatic phase spreading, which deteriorates the transverse quality of the beam. This dissertation covers the formalism used to describe the focusing of an electron beam from a passive, underdense plasma lens and demonstrates use cases for these lenses in experiments using relativistic electron beams.
To perform plasma lens experiments, we propose a setup to ionize a 100 µm scale plasma lens via laser ionization of a gas jet outflow at the FACET-II accelerator facility of SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. We investigate possible focusing aberrations induced by nonuniform transverse density profiles. Finally, we report on experimental progress towards the demonstration of an underdense thin plasma lens, including the analysis of preliminary data from commissioning shifts carried out at FACET-II.</p
The Implementation of a Validated CSEC Screening Tool for Youth Age 11 - 17 in a Pediatric Emergency Room
Youth are a vulnerable population due to their age, developmental level, and dependability on others. Child abuse is a public health issue that addresses a broad range of inflicted harm ranging from neglect to physical and sexual maltreatment. A severe form of child sexual abuse is the Commercial Exploitation of Children (CSEC), also known as Child Sex Trafficking (CST), and Human Minor Sex Trafficking (HMST). For purposes of this paper, CSEC is used for CSEC, CST, and HMST. Commercial sexual exploitation of children includes sexual crimes involving children and adolescents for gain. Due to the child being less than 18 years old, no evidence of force must be proven. The prevalence of CSEC is unknown due to the absence of tracking, multiple definitions, lack of awareness and education, and the covert nature of the exploitation. There are risk factors associated with CSEC and residual sequela resulting in physical and mental health disabilities. Due to the health consequences experienced with exploitation, these victims seek out healthcare but are not identified by the healthcare provider. Healthcare providers are in pivotal roles in recognizing these victims with adequate education and an effective screening tool. This translational project aims to increase confidence levels in the pediatric emergency room nurses at the Beverly Knight Olsen Children\u27s Hospital by educating on CSEC and the utilization of a validated screening tool to assist in identifying potential high–risk youth 11 – 17 years, referring them, and connecting them with essential resources
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