Applying and Cutting Device for Tie-Wraps During Laparoscopic Ovariectomy in Standing Mares

Background: Laparoscopic ovariectomy it is used more than 20 years in veterinary medicine, however, information of this technique in Brazil are rare. Also, the cost for his execution are high, specially the ovarian hemostasis procedure, that depends on highly specialized surgical instruments. The goal of this study is show the results achieved during laparoscopic ovariectomy in mares using a device to apply and cut tie-wraps, developed by the authors and that is in a patent process.Materials, Methods & Results: Four mares with ovarian pathologies were selected for a standing unilateral ovariectomy procedure and access to cavity occurred through three laparoscopic portals. The vessels and ligament were dissected to allow positioning of a polyamide tie-wrap by the device for cutting and applying those seals. Occlusion was made by pushing, and cutting through a rotation on the tie latch. Then, the mesovarium was cut with laparoscopic scissors and ovary removed by a communication between two accesses. Total surgical time and the equipment handling were noted. The average duration of surgical procedures was 80 ± 12.35 min and device handling time since its external preparation, application and cutting the polyamide tie-wraps was 3.4 ± 2.63 min. Only in one of four animals it was necessary to apply more than one tie, since the first promoted incomplete vessels occlusion. Within 10 postoperative days none of the animals showed clinical signs consistent with bleeding and / or infection and the wound’s healing were complete.Discussion: Surgical time for dissection and hemostasis during laparoscopic ovariectomy in mares shows great variation in the literature and depend on hemostasis technique. The average time of 80 min for a one-sided procedure using the device for application and cutting tie-wraps was considered appropriate, with the possibility of significantly reduction, since this is an instrumental in testing and yet there is not a definition of the learning curve from its use. The main reason related to the tie-wraps use, even controversial, is due a significant reduction in cost, since the devices for hemostasis available are very expensive to brazilian veterinarians. Although considered a simple application and advantages over other hemostatic methods the authors of this study do not indicate the use of non-surgical polyamide ties when other materials are available, also, it is important to clarify that the main purpose of this study was to report the effectiveness of the device for application and cut these ties while performing these surgical procedure steps. The device for applying and cutting tie-wraps allows closing and resection of polyamide tie-wraps, producing safe hemostasis to ovarian vessels during laparoscopic ovariectomy in mares, with appropriate surgical time and without trans or postoperative complications

AVALIAÇÃO DO LAVADO BRONCOALVEOLAR EM CÃES DE ABRIGO ACOMETIDOS POR PNEUMONIA

Enfermidades do trato respiratório inferior são comuns na clínica de pequenos animais. Devido à vasta etiologia dessas afecções é necessário realizar um diagnóstico preciso, para que seja determinada a terapêutica adequada. O lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) é uma ferramenta diagnóstica auxiliar, quando métodos de rotina são inconclusivos. Tendo como objetivo a análise citológica comparativa, foram utilizados 10 cães acometidos por pneumonia e 20 (vinte) cães saudáveis, como grupo controle. O LBA foi realizado por meio da técnica endotraqueal, com os animais sob anestesia geral de curta duração. A amostra coletada foi sedimentada em câmara de Suta e recebeu coloração tipo Romanowski. Foi realizada análise quantitativa da amostra, com o auxílio da câmara de Neubauer e para avaliação qualitativa 400 células foram contadas em cada amostra e diferenciadas em células epiteliais, neutrófilos, linfócitos, eosinófilos, mastócitos, macrófagos, quantidade de muco e hemosiderófagos. Na avaliação citológica do LBA do grupo com pneumonia foi observado elevação significativa na contagem celular total e na taxa de neutrófilos, associada à queda na taxa de macrófagos, linfócitos, mastócitos, eosinófilos e células epiteliais. O LBA mostrou-se seguro e eficaz como diagnóstico diferencial das doenças do trato respiratório inferior em cães, promoveu achados relevantes, comprovando seu mérito como ferramenta diagnóstica

COMPARAÇÃO DE DUAS TÉCNICAS DE ORQUIECTOMIA EM EQÜINOS, EMPREGADAS NO ENSINO DA TÉCNICA CIRÚRGICA VETERINÁRIA.

A orquiectomia bilateral é uma cirurgia simples e rotineira na prática eqüina, embora o potencial para complicações seja alto. A complicação mais comum é a hemorragia, que se não tratada leva ao quadro de choque e morte. Diversas técnicas e variações destas estão descritas na literatura, sendo a mais freqüentemente empregada a técnica aberta. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar duas técnicas de hemostasia aplicadass por alunos do curso de medicina veterinária, sem experiência com orquiectomia em eqüinos. Para tal foram utilizados 16 equinos machos, com idade média de seis anos (±4), que foram separados em dois grupos, aleatoriamente, por sorteio: GRUPO 1, onde os animais foram castrados utilizando-se emasculador, para promover a hemostasia vascular (n=8); GRUPO 2, com animais que foram  castrados utilizando-se abraçadeiras de nylon, de 2,5 mm de largura, para promover a hemostasia (n=8). Foram mensurados os tempos do ato cirúrgico, presença de edema de prepúcio e secreção purulenta, tempo de fechamento da ferida e claudicação no pós operatório, sendo que nenhuma diferença foi observada entre os grupos. A presença de sangramento no período pós operatório imediato apresentou diferença significativa, onde o grupo castrado com o emasculador demonstrou maior grau de hemorragia. As abraçadeiras de nylon podem ser utilizadas na castração de eqüinos, sendo que neste experimento elas não apresentaram complicações associadas a curto e no longo prazo. Ambas as técnicas mostraram-se viáveis e de fácil aplicabilidade na prática docente

Pyometra Treatment by Histeropexy with Toggles Aplication in Mini Horse

Background: Brazil is an important horse breeder that creates about three million jobs and movements about R$16,15billions per year. Although, it is important to the horse breeding industry success that the animals reproductive performance be kept. The mare pregnancy loss causes abundant forfeitures to horse breeders, furthermore, the chronic pyometra is one of that causes. The chronic pyometra is an uncommon mare condition, clinical treatments are often ineffective, under those circumstances the hysterectomy, ovariohysterectomy and uteropexy are recommended. This report proposes to describe the chronic pyometra surgical treatments with the uteropexy technique in mini horses that do not respond to the clinical treatment. Case: A 14-year-old mini breed horse mare weighing 117 kg was sent to Veterinarian Hospital (HV) of the Paraná Federal University (UFPR), presenting dystocia background and intrauterine purulent secretion. The clinical treatment had been conducted, but not well succeeded. An hysteroscopy was conducted with a cervix rupture monitoring, uterine mucosa edematiated and crispy, presenting liquid and a high amount of purulent secretion in the uterus horn and body. The biopsy identified uteropexy. The post-surgical complications were minimums and 30 days after the procedure the laparoscopy was repeated with uterine healing monitoring, without adherences and the uterus were at horizontal position. The hysteroscopy was conducted where a small amount of purulent secretion was perceived. Ten days after the second laparoscopy the patient was discharged. Two years after the procedure, the animal responsible informed that there was not a relapse. Discussion: the mare pyometra occurrence is uncommon and emerges by nature protection false mechanisms. Any change or flaw in one of these protection mechanics barriers, may result in a reproductive change due to uterine infection, resulting in reduction of mare reproductive capacity. Probably this reports patients developed pyometra due to the cervix lesion it's presented made easier the uterus external microorganisms entrance, that predisposes an chronic uterine infection. As many authors report, the chronic pyometra clinical treatment is not always successful, also observed in the case reported, indicating then surgical treatment. There are many pyometra surgical treatments indications as: Wedge resection technique in case of cervix adherence, uteropexy technique, ovary-hysterectomy technique or hysterectomy. The ovary-hysterectomy and the hysterectomy was not conducted for being considered highly invasive. This case choice procedure was the uteropexy, which corresponds to fixing the broad ligament of the uterus to the abdominal wall, repositioning it horizontally, to obtain a better drainage and motility, since this is your anatomic position. In the report, the surgical technique was conducted satisfactorily, certifying the uterine elevation by laparoscopy in the postoperative and also by the responsible report, that the animal does not relapse in two years. The postoperative complications were not alarming, considering that it ceased 24h after the procedure. The conclusions present in this treatment show that the hysteropexy conducted by videosurgery with toggles application developed the necessary uterine elevation to the liquid drainage, that allows the mare to execute the uterine cleaning by the physiological form.Keywords: uterus, endometritis, uteropexy, uterine elevation.Histeropexia com aplicação de “toggles” para tratamentode piometra em mini horseDescritores: útero, edometrite, uteropexia, elevação uterina

CORRELAÇÃO DE ACHADOS MICROBIOLÓGICOS E CITOLÓGICOS COLETADOS POR BRONCOSCOPIA DE CÃES COM COLAPSO TRAQUEAL

O colapso traqueal acomete principalmente cães de raças pequenas, de meia idade a idosos e seu diagnóstico é feito com base nos sinais clínicos e exames complementares. A traqueobroncoscopia permite avaliar o diâmetro da traqueia e dos segmentos brônquicos permitindo a coleta de amostras para citologia, histopatologia e culturas. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se há correlação entre infecção e inflamação traqueal em cães com colapso traqueal. Foram selecionados 28 animais: doze apresentando colapso traqueal e 16 hígidos que passaram por procedimento de traqueobroncoscopia, avaliando-se a traqueia seguido da coleta de material para cultura bacteriana e citologia. Após a análise dos resultados foi observada correlação positiva entre a ocorrência de inflamação e colapso de traqueia. Não foi observada correlação entre infecção bacteriana e inflamação ou entre infecção e colapso. Com um teste de dissimilaridade verificou-se que a população bacteriana da orofaringe foi semelhante à da traqueia nos cães de um mesmo grupo. Conclui-se que cães com colapso traqueal tendem à presença de processo inflamatório, porém não estando relacionada a infecções bacterianas. A composição das bactérias na traqueia sugere aspiração do conteúdo da orofaringe.

Megaesophagus in Mule

Background: Megaesophagus is a chronic dilation of the esophagus rarely found in horses. It’s a non-specific disease that is associated with several causes, and esophageal hypomotility is the dysfunction that most commonly results in organ dilation. In the literature, there are few reports of megaesophagus in horses and, to date, no cases in mule have been reported. The objective of this work is to describe a case of a donkey with thoracic megaesophagus.Case: A 16 year-old donkey, castrated male, mixed breed weighing 195 kg, was referred for clinical care with a history of 5 days of anorexia. On physical examination, apathy, cachexia, 8% dehydration, moderate enophthalmos, ptialism, bilateral nasal discharge, dry and bristling hair were observed. Due to the poor general condition, a nasogastric tube was chosen to perform enteral nutrition, however, it was not possible to progress the tube to the stomach. In order to confirm the suspicion of a possible esophageal obstruction, gastroscopy was performed, where it was possible to observe an esophageal dilation filled with bulky food located in the thoracic portion of the esophagus. In an attempt to stimulate esophageal motility, in order to promote the progression of the material present in the region of dilation, intramuscular metoclopramide was administered (two applications every 6 h), however the treatment had no effect. Due to the unfavorable prognosis and financial limitations of the owner, euthanasia was performed, which was followed by autopsy and histopathological examination. At necropsy, a marked dilation of the esophagus was observed in the thoracic portion, which was filled with approximately 500 grams of bulky food (grass). In the mucosa of this area, multiple ulcers were observed that occasionally coalesce, covered by a moderate amount of friable and yellowish-white material.Discussion: Megaesophagus is characterized by organ dilatation and enlargement, absence of peristalsis, presence of tertiary contractions and non-total or partial relaxation of the lower sphincter. Its origin can be congenital or secondary (acquired). In the congenital form, which corresponds to the hypomotility and generalized dilation of the esophagus, the main consequence is the underdevelopment of the foal after weaning. The acquired form occurs due to motor changes in the esophagus or gastroesophageal sphincter, causing passive dilation of the organ. Lupus erythematosus, polymyositis, polyneuritis, degenerative neuropathies, hypoadrenocorticism, hypothyroidism, thiamine deficiency, heavy metal poisoning (Lead and Thallium), tumors (mainly thymoma) and cervical injuries are among the main causes of secondary megaesophagus. Animals with esophageal paralysis or some type of esophageal obstruction, usually present nasal and oral reflux of saliva and may develop aspiration pneumonia, accompanied by nutritional deficiencies, weight loss, changes in normal development and the presence of esophageal ulcers. With the exception of pneumonia, the animal in the present report had all these signs. The prognosis of animals affected by megaesophagus is unfavorable. One of the ways to alleviate this disease is surgical treatment, however, complications such as dehiscence are common after esophageal surgery, mainly due to the fact that this organ does not have a serous layer, resulting in delayed healing. For this reason, euthanasia is considered in most cases. Megaesophagus is a non-specific and multifactorial disease that affects horses, and there are no reports in the literature in mules. In this case, endoscopy allowed the diagnosis to be made while still alive, however it was not possible to determine the primary cause of the disease

EFEITO DO GEL DE PLASMA RICO EM PLAQUETAS NA CICATRIZAÇÃO DE ENXERTOS CUTÂNEOS EM EQUINOS

O gel de plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) é uma concentração autóloga de plaquetas em um pequeno volume de plasma com potencial de melhorar a integração dos enxertos. Foram utilizados oito equinos adultos, realizando-se enxertos de pele com largura de 2,5 x 2,5 centímetros em cada lado do pescoço, sendo um lado o tratamento, com o uso do gel de PRP e do outro lado o controle. Os animais foram avaliados nos dias 0, 7, 14, 21 e 28 após a cirurgia por meio de avaliação clínica, histológica, morfométrica e cultura bacteriana dos enxertos. As avaliações clínicas, morfométricas e bacteriológicas dos tecidos enxertados não revelaram diferenças significativas entre o grupo controle e o grupo tratamento com PRP. A avaliação histológica revelou um aumento da inflamação aguda no momento 7 e de concentração de colágeno no momento 14 no grupo tratamento, decorrente da liberação de fatores de crescimento pelas plaquetas presentes no gel, que não diferiu nos demais momentos. De acordo com as condições experimentais utilizadas neste estudo, pode-se concluir que não houve diferenças significativas entre o lado tratado com PRP e o lado controle em enxertos cutâneos em equinos. Palavras-chave: autólogo; fatores de crescimento; integração do enxerto; tempo de cicatrização

EFFECT OF PLATELET-RICH PLASMA GEL ON GRAFT SKIN HEALING IN EQUINES

The platelet-rich plasma (PRP) gel is an autologous platelet concentration in a small plasma volume with the potential to improve the integration of the grafts. Eight adult equines were used, performing skin grafts, with 2.5x2.5 centimeters, on both sides of the neck, in which one was the treatment side, using the PRP gel, and the other side was the control. The animals were assessed after the surgery on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28, by clinical, histological, morphometric, and culture analysis of the grafts. The clinical, morphological, and biological analysis of tissue grafts revealed no significant differences between the control group and the treatment group with PRP. Histologic evaluation revealed an increase in acute inflammation on day 7 and collagen concentration on day 14, resulting from the release of growth factors by the platelets present in the gel, which did not differ in further moments. According to the experimental conditions used in this study, we concluded there were no significant differences between the side treated with PRP and the control side in skin grafts in horses. Keywords: autologous; growth factors; integration of graft; time of healing

DENERVAÇÃO ACETABULAR NO TRATAMENTO DA DISPLASIA COXOFEMORAL CANINA: ESTUDO COMPARATIVO ENTRE DUAS ABORDAGENS CIRÚRGICAS

A displasia coxofemoral (DCF) é uma das alterações articulares mais frequentes em cães.  A denervação acetabular é um procedimento cirúrgico utilizado em cães com sensibilidade dolorosa na articulação do quadril atribuída à DCF.  Este artigo tem por objetivo comparar os resultados do procedimento de denervação acetabular por acesso lateral e ventral à articulação coxofemoral em 24 cães. Foram avaliados os seguintes aspectos: grau de claudicação, atrofia muscular, crepitação, dor e tendência à luxação da cabeça femoral à manobra de Ortolani, imediatamente antes do procedimento cirúrgico e após 14, 30 e 60 dias de pós-operatório.  A qualidade de vida também foi avaliada após 60 e 360 dias de pós-operatório. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas dos parâmetros avaliados entre as abordagens cirúrgicas. Houve melhora significativa do grau de claudicação a partir de 60 dias de pós-operatório e da qualidade de vida sob a ótica dos proprietários após 60 e 360 dias. Concluiu-se que ambas as abordagens cirúrgicas são factíveis para a denervação acetabular em cães, com decréscimo significativo da claudicação após 60 dias e aumento da qualidade de vida em 60 e 360 dias de pós-operatório