Drops and Bubble in Materials Science

The formation of extended p-n junctions in semiconductors by drop migration, mechanisms and morphologies of migrating drops and bubbles in solids and nucleation and corrections to the Volmer-Weber equations are discussed. Bubble shrinkage in the processing of glass, the formation of glass microshells as laser-fusion targets, and radiation-induced voids in nuclear reactors were examined

Fluoride glass: Crystallization, surface tension

Fluoride glass was levitated acoustically in the ACES apparatus on STS-11, and the recovered sample had a different microstructure from samples cooled in a container. Further experiments on levitated samples of fluoride glass are proposed. These include nucleation, crystallization, melting observations, measurement of surface tension of molten glass, and observation of bubbles in the glass. Ground experiments are required on sample preparation, outgassing, and surface reactions. The results should help in the development and evaluation of containerless processing, especially of glass, in the development of a contaminent-free method of measuring surface tensions of melts, in extending knowledge of gas and bubble behavior in fluoride glasses, and in increasing insight into the processing and properties of fluoride glasses

Water, Growth and the Endangered Species Act

24 pages

Data Gaps in Natural Resource Management: Sniffing for Leaks Along the Information Pipeline

Despite wide recognition that natural resource management decisions are heavily dependent on the supply of scientific information, little attention has been paid to the processes by which that information is supplied. This paper lays out the key steps of the information supply pipeline, which include exploration, extraction, refining, blending, distribution, and consumption. Leaks in the pipeline can occur at any of these steps, interrupting the supply of information to decision makers. Because information supply is contextual and complex, no universal fix can address all information shortfalls. Nonetheless, several general recommendations emerge. First, decision makers must recognize the limits of scientific information, both in terms of the degree ofprecision and certainty attainable, and in terms of the need for other inputs into decisions. Second, priorities should be more consciously set, both on the broadest level across multiple resource demands andfor specific problems. Third, freewheeling, creative exploratory research needs to be better encouraged. That will require more than increased funding; the training and cultures of both managers and researchers also need to be addressed. Fourth, the production of available information must keep up with theoretical advances. Targeted funding, incentives for information production, and institutions with an information production mission are all needed to ensure that extraction keeps pace. Fifth, collaboration needs to extend across traditional disciplinary, political, and institutional boundaries. Sixth, once information is produced, it needs to be archived in locations and formats that make it both accessible to and useful for future researchers and managers. Focusing on the information supply pipeline helps move discussion beyond the simplistic dichotomy of precaution versus certainty to the ways we can improve the information base for decisions and the value of those improvements. Symposium: Missing Information: The Scientific Data Gap in Conservation and Chemical Regulation, held on March 24, 2006 at Indiana University School of Law- Bloomington

Listing Decisions Under the Endangered Species Act: Why Better Science Isn\u27t Always Better Policy

This Article offers an alternative approach to ESA listing determinations which would better combine scientific credibility with democratic legitimacy. As background to the current problem, Part II explains the origins of the ESA\u27s stringent strictly science mandate. Part III considers the nature and limits of scientific information and explains how the scientific process can identify the best available scientific information. Part IV evaluates the specific decisions required for ESA listings in light of the strictly science mandate, explaining why these decisions require input from beyond the realm of scientific information. Part IV goes on to demonstrate that the incompatibility of the strictly science mandate with reality has led to inconsistent and incoherent policy choices. Finally, Part V suggests improvements to the listing process. Congress should acknowledge the subjective elements of listing determinations and open those parts of the decision to a more democratic process. The agencies may, indeed must, continue to rely on highly uncertain scientific data in making listing decisions, but should do so through a process which facilitates broad public review. These changes would allow the agencies to bring the best scientific knowledge to bear on the problem of species extinction without overriding the legitimate public role in non-scientific policy choices

Adapting to Climate Change with Law That Bends Without Breaking

Climate change, the key environmental challenge of this century, is a tough problem for law in many ways. The topic of this panel, instrument choice, highlights a particularly difficult, important, and under-recognized aspect of the climate change challenge: the difficulty of devising a system of environmental law that combines the flexibility necessary to deal with a changing world with the rigidity and accountability essential to hold us to the difficult task of environmental protection

Takings and Transitions

This article explores the inconsistent doctrines advanced by the courts in determining regulatory takings cases. Given the current nature of this area of the law, the author proposes an alternative test to apply in takings cases to provide more straight-forward treatment. That test would encompass four factors: 1) the justification for regulatory change; 2) the extent to which change was foreseeable in advance, and the ability of the landowner to adapt to that change; 3) the abruptness of the change; and 4) the generality of its application. Since regulatory takings claims are entirely about change, the author argues that the courts should begin their analysis of such claims with the knowledge that a particular type of change is essential to a viable claim. The author acknowledges that there are tensions in society\u27s view of change, but suggests that fair distribution of the costs of regulatory transitions would introduce greater discipline into what presently seems to be unprincipled decision-making

EC9982 Dried Fruit -- A Prize Package

Extension Circular 9982 This circular is about dried fruit. It includes many recipes containing dried fruit

The Endangered Species Act: Static Law Meets Dynamic World

Professor Holly Doremus‘s article, The Endangered Species Act: Static Law Meets Dynamic World, traces the history of the Endangered Species Act ( ESA ) to illustrate the need to correct the assumption that nature is simple to manage. For all its flaws, the ESA remains the nation\u27s primary biodiversity conservation act,although the construct had not been invented in 1973 when Congress enacted one of the last pieces of environmental bandwagon legislation. Yet, it is difficult to adapt to the broader objective of biodiversity conservation, in part because the ESA rests on a static view of species and the landscapes and watercourses in which they live. In the future, especially as we deal with global climate change\u27s impacts on biodiversity, evolutionary theory and adaptive management must be incorporated into the Act, even as old certainties like the definition of species become muddied

Precaution, Science, and Learning While Doing in Natural Resource Management

Dealing with uncertainty is widely recognized as the key challenge for environmental and natural resource decisionmaking. Too often, though, that challenge is considered only from an ex ante perspective which treats uncertainty as an invariant feature that must be accounted for but cannot be changed. With respect to many natural resource management decisions, that picture is misleading. Decisions are often iterative or similar, providing significant opportunities for leaming. Where such opportunities are available and inaction is not feasible or desirable, learning while doing can provide the benefits of both the precautionary principle and scientific decisionmaking while minimizing the key weaknesses of each. After highlighting the benefits of a learning-while-doing approach to natural resource management, this paper briefly addresses how management agencies might be encouraged to adopt such an approach