Модель системы стратегического управления оператором сотовой связи и алгоритм её проектирования

Розроблено модель системи стратегічного управління операторів стільникового зв’язку на підставі запропонованої стратегії як випереджальної дії щодо поточного і прогнозного впливу середовища підприємства. Обґрунтовано зміст основних блоків цілей, функцій, завдань, управління і ресурсів системи. Ключові слова: управління оператором стільникового зв'язку, модель системи, підприємство. ----------Разработана модель системы стратегического управления оператором сотовой связи на основе предложенной трактовки стратегии как упреждающего воздействия на текущее и прогнозное влияние среды предприятия. Обоснована содержательная сторона основных блоков целей, функций, задач, управления и ресурсов системы. Ключевые слова: управление оператором сотовой связи, модель системы, предприятие. -----------The model of the strategic management system for a cellular mobile operator was developed on the basis of suggested treatment of the strategy as a warning impact on current and forecasted influence of the enterprise’s environment. The content of such main blocks as goals, functions, tasks, control and resources is motivated. Key words: managing a cellular mobile operator, system model, enterprise. ---------

Exploring interactions of plant microbiomes

A plethora of microbial cells is present in every gram of soil, and microbes are found extensively in plant and animal tissues. The mechanisms governed by microorganisms in the regulation of physiological processes of their hosts have been extensively studied in the light of recent findings on microbiomes. In plants, the components of these microbiomes may form distinct communities, such as those inhabiting the plant rhizosphere, the endosphere and the phyllosphere. In each of these niches, the "microbial tissue" is established by, and responds to, specific selective pressures. Although there is no clear picture of the overall role of the plant microbiome, there is substantial evidence that these communities are involved in disease control, enhance nutrient acquisition, and affect stress tolerance. In this review, we first summarize features of microbial communities that compose the plant microbiome and further present a series of studies describing the underpinning factors that shape the phylogenetic and functional plant-associated communities. We advocate the idea that understanding the mechanisms by which plants select and interact with their microbiomes may have a direct effect on plant development and health, and further lead to the establishment of novel microbiome-driven strategies, that can cope with the development of a more sustainable agriculture

Analysis of rhizosphere bacterial communities in Arabidopsis: impact of plant defense signaling

In the rhizosphere, numerous microbial and plant-microbe interactions occur. Of special interest is the ability of specific rhizosphere bacteria to elicit induced systemic resistance (ISR), a state of enhanced defensive capacity of the plant that is effective against a wide range of pathogens. The goal to minimize the use of agrochemicals in crop protection stimulates the development of practical applications of ISR-eliciting bacteria as an environmentally friendly alternative. However, application of these bacteria on a large scale and at high densities may perturb the indigenous microflora. This thesis is focused on effects of plant defense signaling on the indigenous bacterial rhizosphere microflora. Population densities of the bacterial and Pseudomonas spp. microflora were determined by selective dilution plating, whereas bacterial community structures were studied by DGGE analysis of amplified 16S rDNA, obtained from DNA directly extracted from rhizosphere and bulk soil. As model plant we used Arabidopsis thaliana accession Col-0, since numerous defense signaling mutants and transgenic lines are available and rhizobacteria-mediated ISR has been characterized in detail in this species. To determine if the indigenous bacterial microflora in the rhizosphere is affected by plant defenses, Arabidopsis genotypes with altered defense signaling were used. Whereas no differences were observed on microbial community structures, in some defense signal-transduction mutants rhizosphere population densities of culturable bacteria or Pseudomonas spp. were different from those of the parent Col-0. These differences were observed only in one type of soil. Apparently, soil is a predominant factor shaping microbial communities. In a complementary approach, jasmonic acid (JA)- or salicylic acid (SA)-dependent defenses were chemically activated by application of these hormones. Neither the abundance, nor the community structure of the bacterial rhizosphere microflora was affected by activation of the JA- or SA-dependent responses. Whereas Pseudomonas putida WCS358r and Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS417r elicit ISR against the bacterial leaf pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) in Arabidopsis, P. fluorescens WCS374r does not. The root-colonizing capacity of these three bacterial strains was studied on wild-type Arabidopsis and on a non ISR-expressing mutant, myb72. Whereas WCS358r and WCS417r proliferated on the roots of the wild type, this was not the case for WCS374r. However, none of the strains proliferated on the roots of the myb72 mutant. Apparently, MYB72 is not only essential for the expression of ISR, but also influences root colonization by rhizobacteria. Metabolic profiling revealed that treatment of wild-type plants and the myb72 mutant with the Pseudomonas spp. strains significantly altered the amounts of sugars, organic acids and amino acids. Most annotated metabolite fragments could be linked to known plant-microbe or plant-pathogen interactions, but not to the expression of ISR. Finally, population densities of total culturable bacteria and Pseudomonas spp. in the phyllosphere were determined upon infection with Pst. Arabidopsis mutants differed in their sensitivity to Pst and the most sensitive mutants also had the highest bacterial and Pseudomonas spp. populations on their leaves. Collectively, these results suggest that control of plant diseases by elicitation of induced systemic resistance will not significantly affect the indigenous rhizosphere bacterial microflora

Making apprenticeships more problem based and student directed: An action learning project with Dutch health care and welfare teachers

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The rhizosphere revisited: root microbiomics

The rhizosphere was defined over 100 years ago as the zone around the root where microorganisms and processes important for plant growth and health are located. Recent studies show that the diversity of microorganisms associated with the root system is enormous. This rhizosphere microbiome extends the functional repertoire of the plant beyond imagination. The rhizosphere microbiome of Arabidopsis thaliana is currently being studied for the Obvious reason that it allows the use of the extensive toolbox that comes with this model plant. Deciphering plant traits that drive selection and activities of the microbiome is now a major challenge in which Arabidopsis will undoubtedly be a major research object. Here we review recent microbiome studies and discuss future research directions and applicability of the generated knowledge

Effects of jamonic acid, ethylene, and salicyclic acid signaling on the rhizosphere bacterial community of Arabidopsis thaliana.

Systemically induced resistance is a promising strategy to control plant diseases, as it affects numerous pathogens. However, since induced resistance reduces one or both growth and activity of plant pathogens, the indigenous microflora may also be affected by an enhanced defensive state of the plant. The aim of this study was to elucidate how much the bacterial rhizosphere microflora of Arabidopsis is affected by induced systemic resistance (ISR) or systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Therefore, the bacterial microflora of wild-type plants and plants affected in their defense signaling was compared. Additionally, ISR was induced by application of methyl jasmonate and SAR by treatment with salicylic acid or benzothiadiazole. As a comparative model, we also used wild type and ethylene-insensitive tobacco. Some of the Arabidopsis genotypes affected in defense signaling showed altered numbers of culturable bacteria in their rhizospheres; however, effects were dependent on soil type. Effects of plant genotype on rhizosphere bacterial community structure could not be related to plant defense because chemical activation of ISR or SAR had no significant effects on density and structure of the rhizosphere bacterial community. These findings support the notion that control of plant diseases by elicitation of systemic resistance will not significantly affect the resident soil bacterial microflora. </jats:p

Beta-adrenergic receptor agonists induce the release of granulocyte chemotactic protein-2, oncostatin M, and vascular endothelial growth factor from macrophages.

Contains fulltext : 36068.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), oncostatin M (OSM), and granulocyte chemotactic protein-2 (GCP-2/CXCL6) are up-regulated in U937 macrophages and peripheral blood macrophages exposed to LPS, beta-adrenergic receptor (beta2-AR) agonists (e.g. zilpaterol, and clenbuterol) and some other agents that induce intracellular cAMP (prostaglandin E2, forskolin, and butyryl cAMP). LPS in combination with beta2-agonists and cAMP elevating agents had an additional effect on the release of VEGF, OSM, and CXCL6. These proteins are up-regulated after 16-24 h of exposure and this is mediated by the beta2-AR, as determined by time course experiments and the use of a specific beta2-AR antagonist (ICI 118551). Beta2-AR agonists are used as bronchodilators in the treatment of asthma, but appear to have no effect on the chronic inflammation of the disease. However, the up-regulation of VEGF, OSM, and CXCL6 may have adverse effects on the inflammatory process of asthma. These mediators are involved in the recruitment of neutrophils, airway remodelling and angiogenesis, known features of chronic inflammatory diseases. We propose that the up-regulation of these proteins could play a role in the adverse effects of prolonged excessive usage of beta2-AR agonists on the airways besides the desensitization of the beta2-AR

Inhibitory effects of the β2-adrenergic receptor agonist zilpaterol on the LPS-induced production of TNF-α in vitro and in vivo

In this study the anti-inflammatory properties of zilpaterol, a β2-adrenergic receptor (AR) agonist specifically developed as a growth promoter in cattle were investigated. Although zilpaterol has a different structure compared with the β2-AR agonists known to date, it was noted that it was able to bind to both the β2-AR (K i = 1.1 × 10-6) and the β1-AR (Ki = 1.0 × 10-5). Using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-exposed U937 macrophages, the production of cyclic adenosine-3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were investigated. Zilpaterol inhibited TNF-α release and induced intracellular cAMP levels in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibition of TNF-α release and induction of cAMP production was mainly mediated via the β2-AR, as indicated by addition of β1- and β2-specific antagonists. The effects of zilpaterol were investigated in LPS-treated male Wistar rats after pretreatment with zilpaterol. Zilpaterol dosed at 500 μg/kg body weight reduced the TNF-α plasma levels. In conclusion, zilpaterol is a β2-adrenergic agonist and an inhibitor of TNF-α production induced by LPS both in vivo and in vitro. © 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd