2,256 research outputs found
Power-laws in recurrence networks from dynamical systems
Recurrence networks are a novel tool of nonlinear time series analysis
allowing the characterisation of higher-order geometric properties of complex
dynamical systems based on recurrences in phase space, which are a fundamental
concept in classical mechanics. In this Letter, we demonstrate that recurrence
networks obtained from various deterministic model systems as well as
experimental data naturally display power-law degree distributions with scaling
exponents that can be derived exclusively from the systems' invariant
densities. For one-dimensional maps, we show analytically that is not
related to the fractal dimension. For continuous systems, we find two distinct
types of behaviour: power-laws with an exponent depending on a
suitable notion of local dimension, and such with fixed .Comment: 6 pages, 7 figure
Cluster randomised trials in the medical literature: two bibliometric surveys
Background: Several reviews of published cluster randomised trials have reported that about half did not take clustering into account in the analysis, which was thus incorrect and potentially misleading. In this paper I ask whether cluster randomised trials are increasing in both number and quality of reporting. Methods: Computer search for papers on cluster randomised trials since 1980, hand search of trial reports published in selected volumes of the British Medical Journal over 20 years. Results: There has been a large increase in the numbers of methodological papers and of trial reports using the term 'cluster random' in recent years, with about equal numbers of each type of paper. The British Medical Journal contained more such reports than any other journal. In this journal there was a corresponding increase over time in the number of trials where subjects were randomised in clusters. In 2003 all reports showed awareness of the need to allow for clustering in the analysis. In 1993 and before clustering was ignored in most such trials. Conclusion: Cluster trials are becoming more frequent and reporting is of higher quality. Perhaps statistician pressure works
Impact of CONSORT extension for cluster randomised trials on quality of reporting and study methodology : review of random sample of 300 trials, 2000-8
Peer reviewedPublisher PD
The dynamics of spiral arms in pure stellar disks
It has been believed that spirals in pure stellar disks, especially the ones
spontaneously formed, decay in several galactic rotations due to the increase
of stellar velocity dispersions. Therefore, some cooling mechanism, for example
dissipational effects of the interstellar medium, was assumed to be necessary
to keep the spiral arms. Here we show that stellar disks can maintain spiral
features for several tens of rotations without the help of cooling, using a
series of high-resolution three-dimensional -body simulations of pure
stellar disks. We found that if the number of particles is sufficiently large,
e.g., , multi-arm spirals developed in an isolated disk can
survive for more than 10 Gyrs. We confirmed that there is a self-regulating
mechanism that maintains the amplitude of the spiral arms. Spiral arms increase
Toomre's of the disk, and the heating rate correlates with the squared
amplitude of the spirals. Since the amplitude itself is limited by the value of
, this makes the dynamical heating less effective in the later phase of
evolution. A simple analytical argument suggests that the heating is caused by
gravitational scattering of stars by spiral arms, and that the self-regulating
mechanism in pure-stellar disks can effectively maintain spiral arms on a
cosmological timescale. In the case of a smaller number of particles, e.g.,
, spiral arms grow faster in the beginning of the simulation
(while is small) and they cause a rapid increase of . As a result, the
spiral arms become faint in several Gyrs.Comment: 18 pages, 19 figures, accepted for Ap
A Strategy for Detecting Natural Anthelmintic Constituents of the Grassland Species \u3ci\u3ePlantago lanceolata\u3c/i\u3e
A strategy to detect anthelmintic constituents in plantain (Plantago lanceolata) using a bioassay-driven purification approach was tested. Plantain consumed by cattle may control or reduce internal parasite titers, possibly due to the iridoid glucoside aucubin. Lyophilized, ground leaves of wild P. lanceolata were extracted with 95 % ethanol or boiling water containing calcium carbonate. Partially purified extracts (0 to 250 mg ml-1), 5 μg ml-1 of the anthelmintic levamisole, or 5 mg ml-1 of aucubin were tested with sheathed bovine parasites (Ostertagia ostertagi). The percent moving worms was unchanged for water controls and reduced to 0 % for anthelmintic levamisole. Aucubin significantly reduced the number of swimming worms at day 2, but they returned to starting values at day 3. Extracts from tall fescue and white clover foliage did not show anthelmintic effects. Treatment of extract or aucubin with ß-glucosidase did not alter their activity. Beneficial anthelmintic action of ingested plantain is not due to aucubin
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High thymidylate synthase gene expression predicts poor outcome after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma.
IntroductionPrognosis after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is highly variable. Compared to clinicopathologic factors, the use of molecular markers to predict outcome has not been well studied. We investigated the prognostic importance of thymidylate synthase (TS) gene expression and polymorphisms in patients after resection of HCC.MethodsPatients who underwent complete resection of HCC for whom tissue was available were identified. TS gene expression level and polymorphisms were determined in HCC specimens. Prognostic factors were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazard models.ResultsThe study included 67 patients. In univariate analysis, variables that negatively influenced survival included TNM stage, microvascular invasion, and high TS expression. For the high TS expression group, median survival was 54 months and 5-year actuarial survival was 47%. For the low TS expression group, median survival was not reached and the 5-year actuarial survival was 91%. In multivariate analysis, only high TS expression remained an independent predictor of poor survival (HR = 10.77, 95% CI 1.36-84.91; P = 0.02). TS gene polymorphisms were not associated with TS expression or overall survival.ConclusionsHigh TS expression predicts poor outcome after resection of HCC. Molecular markers might be robust predictors of patient outcome after resection of HCC
Physical Properties of Tidal Features in Interacting Disk Galaxies
We explore tidal interactions of a galactic disk with Toomre parameter Q ~ 2
embedded in rigid halo/bulge with a point mass companion moving in a prescribed
parabolic orbit. Tidal interactions produce well-defined spiral arms and
extended tidal features such as bridge and tail that are all transient, but
distinct in nature. In the extended disks, strong tidal force is able to lock
the perturbed epicycle phases of the near-side particles to the perturber,
shaping them into a tidal bridge that corotates with the perturber. A tidal
tail develops at the opposite side as strongly-perturbed, near-side particles
overtake mildly-perturbed, far-side particles. The tail is essentially a narrow
material arm with a roughly logarithmic shape, dissolving with time because of
large velocity dispersions. Inside the disks where tidal force is relatively
weak, on the other hand, a two-armed logarithmic spiral pattern emerges due to
the kinematic alignment of perturbed particle orbits. While self-gravity makes
the spiral arms a bit stronger, the arms never become fully self-gravitating,
wind up progressively with time, and decay after the peak almost exponentially
in a time scale of ~ 1 Gyr. The arm pattern speed varying with both radius and
time converges to Omega-kappa/2 at late time, suggesting that the pattern speed
of tidally-driven arms may depend on radius in real galaxies. We present the
parametric dependences of various properties of tidal features on the tidal
strength, and discuss our findings in application to tidal spiral arms in
grand-design spiral galaxies. (Abridged)Comment: 49 pages, 17 figures, 1 table. Accepted for publication in
Astrophysical Journal. PDF version with higher resolution figures is
available at
http://astro.snu.ac.kr/~shoh/research/publications/astroph/Tidally_Induced_Spiral_Structure.pd
Investigating the topology of interacting networks - Theory and application to coupled climate subnetworks
Network theory provides various tools for investigating the structural or
functional topology of many complex systems found in nature, technology and
society. Nevertheless, it has recently been realised that a considerable number
of systems of interest should be treated, more appropriately, as interacting
networks or networks of networks. Here we introduce a novel graph-theoretical
framework for studying the interaction structure between subnetworks embedded
within a complex network of networks. This framework allows us to quantify the
structural role of single vertices or whole subnetworks with respect to the
interaction of a pair of subnetworks on local, mesoscopic and global
topological scales.
Climate networks have recently been shown to be a powerful tool for the
analysis of climatological data. Applying the general framework for studying
interacting networks, we introduce coupled climate subnetworks to represent and
investigate the topology of statistical relationships between the fields of
distinct climatological variables. Using coupled climate subnetworks to
investigate the terrestrial atmosphere's three-dimensional geopotential height
field uncovers known as well as interesting novel features of the atmosphere's
vertical stratification and general circulation. Specifically, the new measure
"cross-betweenness" identifies regions which are particularly important for
mediating vertical wind field interactions. The promising results obtained by
following the coupled climate subnetwork approach present a first step towards
an improved understanding of the Earth system and its complex interacting
components from a network perspective
Non-linear regime shifts in Holocene Asian monsoon variability: potential impacts on cultural change and migratory patterns
Abstract. The Asian monsoon system is an important tipping element in Earth's climate with a large impact on human societies in the past and present. In light of the potentially severe impacts of present and future anthropogenic climate change on Asian hydrology, it is vital to understand the forcing mechanisms of past climatic regime shifts in the Asian monsoon domain. Here we use novel recurrence network analysis techniques for detecting episodes with pronounced non-linear changes in Holocene Asian monsoon dynamics recorded in speleothems from caves distributed throughout the major branches of the Asian monsoon system. A newly developed multi-proxy methodology explicitly considers dating uncertainties with the COPRA (COnstructing Proxy Records from Age models) approach and allows for detection of continental-scale regime shifts in the complexity of monsoon dynamics. Several epochs are characterised by non-linear regime shifts in Asian monsoon variability, including the periods around 8.5–7.9, 5.7–5.0, 4.1–3.7, and 3.0–2.4 ka BP. The timing of these regime shifts is consistent with known episodes of Holocene rapid climate change (RCC) and high-latitude Bond events. Additionally, we observe a previously rarely reported non-linear regime shift around 7.3 ka BP, a timing that matches the typical 1.0–1.5 ky return intervals of Bond events. A detailed review of previously suggested links between Holocene climatic changes in the Asian monsoon domain and the archaeological record indicates that, in addition to previously considered longer-term changes in mean monsoon intensity and other climatic parameters, regime shifts in monsoon complexity might have played an important role as drivers of migration, pronounced cultural changes, and the collapse of ancient human societies
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