Optimized synthesis of indole carboxylate metallo-beta-lactamase inhibitor EBL-3183

A new synthetic route for the preparation of the metallo-β-lactamase inhibitor pre-candidate EBL-3183 was developed and carried out on a kilogram scale. The described process starts from a commercially available indole-2-carboxylate and employs an Ellman auxiliary approach coupled with ruthenium-catalyzed stereoselective reduction for the introduction of chirality. The key spirocyclic cyclobutane motif was assembled utilizing an epoxide building block, which was conveniently obtained in diastereomerically pure form. The amount and quality of the prepared final target EBL-3183 were sufficient for the preclinical studies

Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial

Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049

Diaminophosphine Oxide Ligand Enabled Asymmetric Nickel-Catalyzed Hydrocarbamoylations of Alkenes

Chiral trivalent phosphorus species are the dominant class of ligands and the key controlling element in asymmetric homogeneous transition-metal catalysis. Here, novel chiral diaminophosphine oxide ligands are described. The arising catalyst system with nickel(0) and trimethylaluminum efficiently activates formamide C-H bonds under mild conditions providing pyrrolidones via intramolecular hydrocarbamoylation in a highly enantioselective manner with as little as 0.25% mol catalyst loading. Mechanistically, the secondary phosphine oxides behave as bridging ligands for the nickel center and the Lewis acidic organoaluminum center to give a heterobimetallic catalyst with superior reactivity

Ligand-Controlled Regiodivergent Nickel-Catalyzed Annulation of Pyridones

The 1,6-annulated 2-pyridone motif is found in many biologically active compounds and its close relation to the indolizidine and quinolizidine alkaloid core makes it an attractive building block. A nickel-catalyzed CH functionalization of 2-pyridones and subsequent cyclization affords 1,6-annulated 2-pyridones by selective intramolecular olefin hydroarylation. The switch between the exo- and endo-cyclization modes is controlled by two complementary sets of ligands. Irrespective of the ring size, the regioselectivity during the cyclization is under full catalyst control. Simple cyclooctadiene promotes an exo-selective cyclization, whereas a bulky N-heterocyclic carbene ligand results in an endo-selective mode. The method was further applied in the synthesis of the lupin alkaloid cytisine

Chiral Cp-Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydroarylations of 1,1-Disubstituted Alkenes

Metal-catalyzed functionalizations at the ortho position of a directing group have become an efficient bond-forming strategy. A wide range of transformations that employ Cp*Rh-III catalysts have been described, but despite their synthetic potential, enantioselective variants that use chiral versions of the Cp* ligand remain scarce (Cp*=pentamethyl cyclopentadienyl). Cyclopentadienyl compounds with an atropchiral biaryl backbone are shown to be suitable ligands for the efficient intramolecular enantioselective hydroarylation of aryl hydroxamates. Dihydrofurans that bear methyl-substituted quaternary stereocenters are thus obtained by CH functionalization under mild conditions

Chiral Monodentate Trialkylphosphines Based on the Phospholane Architecture

The development of efficient chiral monodentate phosphine ligands lags behind that of the bidentate congeners. This holds especially true for highly electron rich chiral phosphine analogues able to replace the ubiquitous tricyclohexylphosphine and tri-tert-butylphosphine in catalytic asymmetric transformations. We present a convenient and modular synthesis of a set of chiral monodentate ligands with different steric demands based on the popular phospholane scaffold. Their steric and electronic properties were determined by their corresponding nickel and palladium complexes. They represent good mimics of the popular tricyclohexylphosphine and tri-tert-butylphosphine ligands. Their potential was subsequently evaluated in palladium-catalyzed asymmetric C(sp(3))-H functionalization leading to indolines

Diaminophosphine Oxide Ligand Enabled Asymmetric Nickel-Catalyzed Hydrocarbamoylations of Alkenes

Chiral trivalent phosphorus species are the dominant class of ligands and the key controlling element in asymmetric homogeneous transition-metal catalysis. Here, novel chiral diaminophosphine oxide ligands are described. The arising catalyst system with nickel(0) and trimethylaluminum efficiently activates formamide C–H bonds under mild conditions providing pyrrolidones via intramolecular hydrocarbamoylation in a highly enantioselective manner with as little as 0.25% mol catalyst loading. Mechanistically, the secondary phosphine oxides behave as bridging ligands for the nickel center and the Lewis acidic organoaluminum center to give a heterobimetallic catalyst with superior reactivity

Diaminophosphine Oxide Ligand Enabled Asymmetric Nickel-Catalyzed Hydrocarbamoylations of Alkenes

Chiral trivalent phosphorus species are the dominant class of ligands and the key controlling element in asymmetric homogeneous transition-metal catalysis. Here, novel chiral diaminophosphine oxide ligands are described. The arising catalyst system with nickel(0) and trimethylaluminum efficiently activates formamide C–H bonds under mild conditions providing pyrrolidones via intramolecular hydrocarbamoylation in a highly enantioselective manner with as little as 0.25% mol catalyst loading. Mechanistically, the secondary phosphine oxides behave as bridging ligands for the nickel center and the Lewis acidic organoaluminum center to give a heterobimetallic catalyst with superior reactivity

Diaminophosphine Oxide Ligand Enabled Asymmetric Nickel-Catalyzed Hydrocarbamoylations of Alkenes

Chiral trivalent phosphorus species are the dominant class of ligands and the key controlling element in asymmetric homogeneous transition-metal catalysis. Here, novel chiral diaminophosphine oxide ligands are described. The arising catalyst system with nickel(0) and trimethylaluminum efficiently activates formamide C–H bonds under mild conditions providing pyrrolidones via intramolecular hydrocarbamoylation in a highly enantioselective manner with as little as 0.25% mol catalyst loading. Mechanistically, the secondary phosphine oxides behave as bridging ligands for the nickel center and the Lewis acidic organoaluminum center to give a heterobimetallic catalyst with superior reactivity

Nickel(0)-Catalyzed Enantioselective Annulations of Alkynes and Arylenoates Enabled by a Chiral NHC Ligand: Efficient Access to Cyclopentenones

Cyclopentenones are versatile structural motifs of natural products as well as reactive synthetic intermediates. The nickel-catalyzed reductive [3+2] cycloaddition of alpha,beta-unsaturated aromatic esters and alkynes constitutes an efficient method for their synthesis. Here, nickel(0) catalysts comprising a chiral bulky C-1-symmetric N-heterocyclic carbene ligand were shown to enable an efficient asymmetric synthesis of cyclopentenones from mesityl enoates and internal alkynes under mild conditions. The bulky NHC ligand provided the cyclopentenone products in very high enantioselectivity and led to a regioselective incorporation of unsymmetrically substituted alkynes