Performance of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes in the fractionation and retention of patchouli essential oil

Patchouli essential oil consists of over 24 different components. Patchoulol has been known for over a century as the most important component of this essential oil, being widely used in the perfumery and cosmetics industries. Recent research has demonstrated that another component of patchouli essential oil, alpha-bulnesene, has pharmaceutical properties, providing a decrease in thromboxane formation. In this study, three different membranes were evaluated in terms of their fractionation capability and retention of patchouli oil in supercritical media, aiming at the separation and concentration of the main oil components (patchoulol and a-bulnesene) and regeneration of CO2. The membranes tested showed good resistance under the experimental conditions used, but did not show good fractionation and concentration of the patchouli oil components. The reverse osmosis membrane gave the highest oil retention (0.95) and lowest reduction in the permeate flux of the CO2 in the presence of the essential oil

Organogênese direta e aclimatização de plantas de patchouli Direct organogenesis and acclimatization of patchouli

O patchouli é uma espécie aromática cujo óleo essencial é largamente empregado pela indústria de perfumes. A propagação convencional desta espécie é por estaquia, sendo a micropropagação uma alternativa para propagação clonal de indivíduos livres de patógenos em larga escala. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a influência de combinações de diferentes fontes de auxinas com cinetina sobre a organogênese de patchouli, assim como diferentes tipos de composição de substratos na aclimatização de mudas micropropagadas da espécie. Foram realizados dois ensaios para organogênese. No primeiro, avaliação de cinco concentrações de cinetina (0,0; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0 e 6,0 mg L-1) e quatro concentrações de AIA (0,0; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 mg L-1) e no segundo, cinco concentrações de cinetina (0,0; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0 e 4,0 mg L-1) e três concentrações de ANA (0,0; 0,1 e 0,5 mg L-1). Para aclimatização foram analisados os substratos: pó de coco + fertilizante formulado (NPK 3-12-6 + Ca, S, Zn, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e B a 3,0; 2,5; 0,1; 0,025; 0,01; 0,075; 0,05 e 0,0015%, respectivamente) na concentração de 12 g L-1 + calcário (1 g L-1) [PBC]; pó de coco + vermiculita (2:1) + fertilizante formulado na concentração de 12 g L-1 + calcário (1 g L-1) [PBCV (2:1)]; pó de coco + vermiculita (1:1) + fertilizante formulado na concentração de 12 g L-1 + calcário (1 g L-1) [PBCV (1:1)]; pó de coco + 1 g L-1 de calcário + sais do MS [PCMS]; vermiculita acrescido de sais do MS, sendo 15 mL da mistura de sais por planta [VMS]; vermiculita + fertilizante formulado na concentração de 12 g L-1 [VMB]. Neste estudo foi observado que a organogênese direta pode ser promovida em meio MS acrescido de 2,47 mg L-1 de cinetina e 0,1 mg L-1 de ANA, sendo as etapas de alongamento, individualização e enraizamento das brotações promovidas em meio MS básico. Já para aclimatização um dos melhores resultados foi obtido com o substrato PBCV (1:1).<br>Patchouli is an aromatic species whose essential oil is largely employed by perfume industry. This conventional propagation is carried out using cuttings. Micropropagation is an alternative for clonal propagation of pathogens free individuals in large scale. We analyzed the influence of different combinations of auxins and kinetin in patchouli organogenesis and different kinds of substrate mixtures for the acclimatization of micropropagated plantlets. Two tests of organogenesis induction were carried out. In the first, five kinetin concentrations (0.0; 1.0; 2.0; 4.0 and 6.0 mg L&#8209;1) and four IAA concentrations (0.0; 0.5; 1.0 and 2.0 mg L-1) were tested, and in the second, five kinetin concentrations (0.0; 0.5; 1.0; 2.0 and 4.0 mg L-1) and three NAA concentrations (0.0; 0.1 and 0.5 mg L-1). For acclimatization the following substrates were analyzed: coconut dust + formulated fertilizer (NPK 3-12-6 + Ca, S, Zn, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and B at 3.0; 2.5; 0.1; 0.025; 0.01; 0.075; 0.05 and 0.0015%, respectively) at the concentration of 12 g L-1 + limestone (1 g L-1) [PBC]; coconut dust + vermiculite (2:1) + formulated fertilizer at the concentration of 12 g L-1 + limestone (1 g L-1) [PBCV (2:1)]; coconut dust + vermiculite (1:1 v/v) + formulated fertilizer at the concentration of 12 g L-1 + limestone (1 g L-1) [PBCV (1:1)]; coconut dust + limestone (1 g L-1) + MS salts [PCMS]; vermiculite added with MS salts, using 15 mL of the salt mixture per plant [VMS]; vermiculite + formulated fertilizer at the concentration of 12 g L-1 [VMB]. Direct organogenesis can be promoted by MS medium supplemented with 2.47 mg L-1 of kinetin and 0.1 mg L-1 of NAA. The shoot elongation, individualization and shoot rooting steps, however, were promoted in MS medium without growth regulators. For acclimatization one of the best results was obtained using PBCV (1:1)