48 research outputs found
On the Nature of Black Holes in Loop Quantum Gravity
A genuine notion of black holes can only be obtained in the fundamental
framework of quantum gravity resolving the curvature singularities and giving
an account of the statistical mechanical, microscopic degrees of freedom able
to explain the black hole thermodynamical properties. As for all quantum
systems, a quantum realization of black holes requires an operator algebra of
the fundamental observables of the theory which is introduced in this study
based on aspects of loop quantum gravity. From the eigenvalue spectra of the
quantum operators for the black hole area, charge and angular momentum, it is
demonstrated that a strict bound on the extensive parameters, different from
the relation arising in classical general relativity, holds, implying that the
extremal black hole state can neither be measured nor can its existence be
proven. This is, as turns out, a result of the specific form of the chosen
angular momentum operator and the corresponding eigenvalue spectrum, or rather
the quantum measurement process of angular momentum. Quantum mechanical
considerations and the lowest, non-zero eigenvalue of the loop quantum gravity
black hole mass spectrum indicate, on the one hand, a physical Planck scale
cutoff of the Hawking temperature law and, on the other hand, give upper and
lower bounds on the numerical value of the Immirzi parameter. This analysis
provides an approximative description of the behavior and the nature of quantum
black holes
Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns in Paediatric Primary Care in Italy: Findings from 2012–2018
Comprehensive data are needed to monitor antibiotic prescribing and inform stewardship. We aimed to evaluate the current antibiotic prescribing patterns, including treatment switching and prolongation, in the paediatric primary care setting in Italy. This database study assessed antibiotic prescriptions retrieved from Pedianet, a paediatric primary care database, from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2018. Descriptive analyses were stratified by diagnosis class, calendar year, and children’s age. Generalized linear Poisson regression was used to assess variation in the prescriptions. In total, 505,927 antibiotic prescriptions were included. From 2012 to 2018, the number of antibiotics per child decreased significantly by 4% yearly from 0.79 in 2012 to 0.62 in 2018. Amoxicillin prescriptions decreased with increasing children’s age, while macrolides and third-generation cephalosporins had the opposite trend. Prescriptions were associated with a diagnosis of upper respiratory infection in 23% of cases, followed by pharyngitis (21%), bronchitis and bronchiolitis (12%), and acute otitis media (12%). Eight percent of treatment episodes were prolonged or switched class, mostly represented by co-amoxiclav, macrolides, and third-generation cephalosporins. Our findings report an overall decrease in antibiotic prescriptions, but pre-schoolers are still receiving more than one antibiotic yearly, and broad-spectrum antibiotics prescription rates remain the highest
Antibiotic Prescription Patterns in the Paediatric Primary Care Setting before and after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy: An Analysis Using the AWaRe Metrics.
The containment measures following COVID-19 pandemic drastically reduced airway infections, but they also limited the access of patients to healthcare services. We aimed to assess the antibiotic prescription patterns in the Italian paediatric primary care setting before and after the containment measures implementation. For this retrospective analysis, we used a population database, Pedianet, collecting data of patients aged 0-14 years enrolled with family paediatricians (FP) from March 2019 to March 2021. Antibiotic prescriptions were classified according to WHO AWaRe classification. An interrupted time series evaluating the impact of the containment measures implementation on the monthly antibiotic index, on the access to watch index, and on the amoxicillin to co-amoxiclav index stratified by diagnosis was performed. Overall, 121,304 antibiotic prescriptions were retrieved from 134 FP, for a total of 162,260 children. From March 2020, the antibiotic index dropped by more than 80% for respiratory infections. The Access to Watch trend did not change after the containment measures, reflecting the propensity to prescribe more broad-spectrum antibiotics for respiratory infections even during the pandemic. Similarly, co-amoxiclav was prescribed more often than amoxicillin alone for all the diagnoses, with a significant variation in the trend slope for upper respiratory tract infections prescriptions
Correlações entre ambientes baseadas na produtividade de híbridos de milho avaliados na safra e safrinha.
Measurements of the reaction of antiproton annihilation at rest at three hydrogen target densities
The proton-antiproton annihilation at rest into the final state
was measured for three different target densities: liquid hydrogen, gaseous
hydrogen at NTP and at a low pressure of 5 mbar. The yield of this reaction in
the liquid hydrogen target is smaller than in the low-pressure gas target. The
branching ratios of the channel were calculated on the basis of
simultaneous analysis of the three data samples. The branching ratio for
annihilation into from the protonium state turns out to be
about ten times smaller as compared to the one from the state.Comment: 10 pages, 3 Postscript figures. Accepted by Physics Letters
Asymptotic safety guaranteed
We study the ultraviolet behaviour of four-dimensional quantum field theories involving non-abelian gauge fields, fermions and scalars in the Veneziano limit. In a regime where asymptotic freedom is lost, we explain how the three types of fields cooperate to develop fully interacting ultraviolet fixed points, strictly controlled by perturbation theory. Extensions towards strong coupling and beyond the large-N limit are discussed
Depressão endogâmica e heterose de híbridos de populações F2 de milho no estado de São Paulo
Continuous catalyst-free production of esters from Jatropha curcas L. oil under supercritical ethanol
Converting homogeneous to heterogeneous in electrophilic catalysis using monodisperse metal nanoparticles
A continuing goal in catalysis is the transformation of processes from homogeneous to heterogeneous. To this end, nanoparticles represent a new frontier in heterogeneous catalysis, where this conversion is supplemented by the ability to obtain new or divergent reactivity and selectivity. We report a novel method for applying heterogeneous catalysts to known homogeneous catalytic reactions through the design and synthesis of electrophilic platinum nanoparticles. These nanoparticles are selectively oxidized by the hypervalent iodine species PhICl{sub 2}, and catalyze a range of {pi}-bond activation reactions previously only homogeneously catalyzed. Multiple experimental methods are utilized to unambiguously verify the heterogeneity of the catalytic process. The discovery of treatments for nanoparticles that induce the desired homogeneous catalytic activity should lead to the further development of reactions previously inaccessible in heterogeneous catalysis. Furthermore, our size and capping agent study revealed that Pt PAMAM dendrimer-capped nanoparticles demonstrate superior activity and recyclability compared to larger, polymer-capped analogues
Receding horizon linear quadratic control with finite input constraint sets
By exploring the geometry of the underlying constrained optimization, a finitely parameterized solution to the discrete time receding horizon linear quadratic control problem with a finite input constraint set is obtained. The resulting controller gives rise to a closed loop system which is piece-wise affine in the plant state. The switching regions are polytopes and are related to those obtained when dealing with t (saturation-like) constraint sets.</p