607 research outputs found
Analyser l'activité pour comprendre le travail
L'objectif de cette communication est de montrer en quoi le passage par l'analyse des activités humaines en situation réelle questionne les modes de production de connaissances sur l'homme et ses relations au monde, et partant de là , peut alimenter une réflexion philosophique. Dans un premier temps, nous préciserons le sens que nous accordons au terme "activité" puis nous examinerons les quatre postulats qui guident une approche ergologique des activités humaines. Pour chaque postulat, nous préciserons son contenu et soulignerons quelques implications épistémologiques et méthodologiques
Implication d'isoformes distinctes de la phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase dans la survie entérocytaire humaine selon l'état de différenciation
Des altĂ©rations de la voie PI3-K/Akt sont retrouvĂ©es dans une grande proportion de cancers. De plus en plus, on s'intĂ©resse aux isoformes de la PI3-K et leurs rĂŽles respectifs, mais leurs implications au sein des mĂ©canismes entourant la rĂ©gulation de la survie/anoĂŻkose entĂ©rocytaire humaine restent Ă ĂȘtre pleinement approfondies. ConsidĂ©rant que 1) la PI3-K est un complexe Ă©tant susceptible d'ĂȘtre formĂ© de diffĂ©rents isoformes, 2) ces diffĂ©rents complexes isoformes peuvent effectuer des rĂŽles distincts dans les divers processus cellulaires, 3) la voie PI3-K/Akt-1 exerce des rĂŽles distincts dans la survie entĂ©rocytaire selon l'Ă©tat de diffĂ©renciation et que 4) dans la signalisation intĂ©grines [bĂ©ta]1/Fak, la voie PI3-K/Akt-1 est engagĂ©e de façon Src-dĂ©pendante chez les entĂ©rocytes indiffĂ©renciĂ©s mais se trouve Ă ĂȘtre Src-indĂ©pendante chez les cellules diffĂ©renciĂ©es ; l'hypothĂšse de travail du projet de recherche Ă©tait que des complexes isoformes de la PI3-K sont impliquĂ©s de façon distincte dans la survie entĂ©rocytaire humaine, selon l'Ă©tat de diffĂ©renciation. Les objectifs de recherche spĂ©cifiques Ă ce projet Ă©taient les suivants : 1) dĂ©terminer les profils d'expression des diffĂ©rents isoformes (p85 et p110) selon l'Ă©tat de diffĂ©renciation ; 2) dĂ©terminer les complexes isoformes (p85/p110) prĂ©dominants selon l'Ă©tat de diffĂ©renciation ; 3) dĂ©terminer les complexes isoformes prĂ©dominants dans la signalisation PI3-K/Fak selon l'Ă©tat de diffĂ©renciation ; et 4) dĂ©terminer les rĂŽles des isoformes dans la survie entĂ©rocytaire. Nous avons dĂ©terminĂ© les profils d'expression des isoformes PI3-K de la classe 1A selon l'Ă©tat de diffĂ©renciation chez les cellules Ă©pithĂ©liales intestinales. Aussi, il existe un profil d'expression distinct et les complexes isoformes sont Ă©galement distincts selon l'Ă©tat de diffĂ©renciation. Nous avons ensuite dĂ©terminĂ© qu'il existait des complexes isoformes de la PI3-K distincts dans la signalisation PI3-K/Fak selon l'Ă©tat de diffĂ©renciation, et que l'engagement de la voie PI3-K/Akt-1 implique des complexes isoformes distincts selon l'Ă©tat de diffĂ©renciation. Nous avons aussi dĂ©montrĂ© que les isoformes p110 sont impliquĂ©s de façon distincte dans la survie entĂ©rocytaire humaine ainsi que dans l'activation d'Akt-1, selon l'Ă©tat de diffĂ©renciation. En rĂ©sumĂ©, notre Ă©tude a permis de dĂ©montrer que les isoformes PI3-K jouaient des rĂŽles distincts dans la survie entĂ©rocytaire humaine et que ces rĂŽles Ă©taient Ă©galement distincts selon l'Ă©tat de diffĂ©renciation
Efficacité de la psychothérapie gestaltiste des relations d'objet sur le trouble dépressif majeur accompagné d'une pathologie de la personnalité
L'incidence du trouble dĂ©pressif majeur est Ă la hausse et son occurrence produit la plus grande dĂ©tĂ©rioration de l'Ă©tat de santĂ© comparĂ©e Ă d'autres maladies physiques ou mentales. Plusieurs approches psychothĂ©rapeutiques brĂšves rĂ©ussissent Ă guĂ©rir un Ă©pisode dĂ©pressif Ă court terme, mais leur efficacitĂ© est faible Ă long terme, ce qui fait en sorte que la rechute et la chronicitĂ© de ce trouble demeurent problĂ©matiques. Plusieurs recherches ont associĂ© la prĂ©sence de traits de personnalitĂ© pathologiques Ă la dĂ©pression, ce qui pourrait contribuer Ă sa chronicitĂ©. LâĂ©tude de traitements thĂ©rapeutiques intensifs qui en tiennent compte semble plus pertinente. La psycho- thĂ©rapie gestaltiste de relations d'objet (PGRO) est une approche qui a Ă©tĂ© conçue au dĂ©part pour traiter les pathologies de la personnalitĂ©. L'objectif principal de la prĂ©sente recherche est d'Ă©tudier l'application de la PGRO au trouble dĂ©pressif majeur accompagnĂ© dâune pathologie de la personnalitĂ©. Une diminution de la symptomatologie dĂ©pressive et des traits de personnalitĂ© pathologiques Ă©tait attendue. Trois participantes, recrutĂ©es Ă partir de la clientĂšle en cabinet privĂ© de la chercheuse, souffrant d'un Ă©pisode dĂ©pressif majeur et prĂ©sentant des traits de personnalitĂ© pathologiques, ont participĂ© Ă 20 sĂ©ances de PGRO. Elles ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©es avant et aprĂšs le traitement ainsi que lors dâun suivi de six mois. Aux suivis, l'Ă©pisode dĂ©pressif majeur Ă©tait rĂ©sorbĂ©, ce qui fut aussi confirmĂ© un an aprĂšs la fin du traitement. Les traits de personnalitĂ© pathologiques avaient diminuĂ© de 33,33 % Ă 80,49 % selon la participante. Les rĂ©sultats apportent un soutien prĂ©liminaire important quant Ă l'efficacitĂ© de la PGRO pour traiter le trouble dĂ©pressif majeur accompagnĂ© dâune pathologie de la personnalitĂ© et suggĂšrent que le travail sur le plan de la personnalitĂ© pathologique a un impact sur la diminution de la symptomatologie dĂ©pressive
Can species richness be maintained in logged endemic Acacia Heterophylla forests (Reunion Island, Indian Ocean) ?
It is assumed that forests can serve multiple uses, including wood production and maintenance of high biodiversity level. We tested this hypothesis by studying eradication methods of invasive plants currently implemented in exploited endemic Acacia heterophylla forests located in a tropical highland forest region on the island of RĂ©union. We also compared species richness in logged (over time) and natural forests. Our results show that all individuals of the widespread alien invasive plant Rubus alceifolius were generated from cuttings. We quantifi ed the high growth capability of this species by comparing with those of Acacia heterophylla along with Rubus apetalus var. apetalus, a close non-invasive congener. The substantial multiplicative and vegetative growth ability of R. alceifolius enabled it to form monospecific patches in only 2.5 years. The species richness of the exploited Acacia heterophylla forest was thus very affected. Although the species richness increased over time after logging, the extent of the resulting richness was not as great as that in natural forests which, moreover, included numerous exotic plants. The authors assess the impact of highly disturbing logging operations and, based on the results of the comparisons, are very pessimistic about the possibility of maintaining species richness in logged forests. Nevertheless, the results indicate that the situation is not beyond hope and an eradication program specifi cally tailored to this kind of forest is proposed if exploitation will stop
Sensory and physicochemical profiling of traditional and enriched gari in Benin
Gari is a roasted fermented granular product made from cassava in many African countries. It is consumed raw, or added with water, or cooked into a paste. Up to now, gari enriched with palm oil and/or soybean is not available on Beninese markets. To our knowledge, no sensory profiling using appropriate methodology has been conducted on gari in Benin. The sensory studies on gari in Benin and other African countries only included general descriptors (appearance, taste, odor). The aim of our study was to establish a detailed sensory and physicochemical profile of nine traditional and three enriched gari made using different processes in Benin. Fifteen sensory descriptors of raw gari, and gari added with water, were generated and scored using quantitative descriptive analysis. The enriched gari differed from traditional gari mainly in color and odor, while their swelling capacity, texture during chewing, and light sour taste were similar. Marked variability in particle size, particle heterogeneity, water absorption, and sour taste was found among traditional gari. The physicochemical characteristics, such as degree of starch gelatinization, Lâlactic acid, and ÎČâcarotene contents, were highly variable among the 12 gari. Multifactor analysis revealed highly significant correlations between some physicochemical and sensory properties. The addition of soybean and/or palm oil did not affect most of the sensory properties of the traditional gari. The acceptability of these enriched gari with higher nutritive value by Beninese consumers should be tested to develop marketing strategies
Non-Intrusive Performance Assessment Method For Heat Pumps: Experimental Validation And Robustness Evaluation Facing Faults
Thanks to their high theoretical efficiency, residential heat pumps (HP) are a promising technology when attempting to reduce the energy consumption of heating in dwellings. Evaluation of their real performances on-field is thus crucial to promote their development and deployment. However, measuring accurately real heating capacity of air-to-air HP is not easy, since measuring air enthalpy and mass flow rate is challenging. A previously developed non-intrusive internal method based on the compressor energy balance has been improved. It can calculate the coefficient of performance (COP) of different HP types, including air-to-air, on field, thanks to real-time measurements, without interfering with normal operation of the system, and without technical data of the specific heat pump. In this study, a complete validation of this method has been led on a test bench, using an air-to-water HP in order to compare the results of the method with the water-side measurements. This internal refrigerant method was tested for various climatic conditions and heating needs, in stationary and dynamic conditions, including starting and defrosting phases. Different faults were simulated to analyse the behaviour of the method in these conditions, including refrigerant undercharging and exchanger fouling. The analysis also extends to identifying which parameters need to be observed to early detect these faults. The method proves to be robust and its uncertainty to remain low, although it varies with the different working phases. The precise knowledge of real-time performances obtained with this method can help to assess the performance impact of faults and thus to improve associated fault detection and diagnostic methods. On a longer-term scale, the comparison of measured field performances and performances obtained via simplified models, such as regulatory models for instance, could give interesting indications to improve these models
Câest la parole qui incarne
Jâai aimĂ© Guitry pour les raisons qui mâont fait aimer le cinĂ©ma burlesque : je le fais appartenir Ă la mĂȘme lignĂ©e que Keaton, Chaplin, Tati, Lewis. Il est auteur, metteur en scĂšne et acteur ; pour moi, câest quelque chose dâunique et qui fait de lui un grand moderne â comme ceux que jâai citĂ©s et que le temps nâentame pas. Certes, mais en tant quâacteur, Guitry est peut-ĂȘtre moins perçu comme un corps⊠Pour moi, il est ..
E-Learning and North-South collaboration: the experience of two public health schools in France and Benin
Introduction: Distance learning (e-learning) can facilitate access to training. Yet few public health E-learning experiments have been reported; institutes in developing countries experience difficulties in establishing on-line curricula, while developed countries struggle with adapting existing curricula to realities on the ground. In 2005, two schools of public health, one in France and one in Benin, began collaborating through contact sessions organised for Nancy University distance-learning students. This experience gave rise to a partnership aimed at developing training materials for e-Learning for African students. The distance-learning public health course at Nancy teaches public health professionals through a module entitled "Health and Development." The module is specifically tailored for professionals from developing countries. To promote student-teacher exchanges, clarify content and supervise dissertations, contact sessions are organized in centres proximate and accessible to African students. The Benin Institute's main feature is residential team learning; distance-learning courses are currently being prepared. Outcome: The two collaborating institutions have developed a joint distance-learning module geared toward developing countries. The collaboration provides for the development, diffusion, and joint delivery of teaching modules featuring issues that are familiar to African staff, gives the French Institute credibility in assessing research work produced, and enables modules on specific African issues and approaches to be put online. Lessons learned: While E-learning is a viable educational option for public health professionals, periodic contact can be advantageous. Our analysis showed that the benefit of the collaboration between the two institutions is mutual; the French Institute extends its geographical, cultural and contextual reach and expands its pool of teaching staff. The Benin Institute benefits from the technical partnership and expertise, which allow it to offer distance learning for Africa-specific contexts and applications
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