Evidence for a role of Arabidopsis CDT1 proteins in gametophyte development and maintenance of genome integrity

Meristems retain the ability to divide throughout the life cycle of plants, which can last for over 1000 years in some species. Furthermore, the germline is not laid down early during embryogenesis but originates from the meristematic cells relatively late during development. Thus, accurate cell cycle regulation is of utmost importance to avoid the accumulation of mutations during vegetative growth and reproduction. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes two homologs of the replication licensing factor CDC10 Target1 (CDT1), and overexpression of CDT1a stimulates DNA replication. Here, we have investigated the respective functions of Arabidopsis CDT1a and CDT1b. We show that CDT1 proteins have partially redundant functions during gametophyte development and are required for the maintenance of genome integrity. Furthermore, CDT1-RNAi plants show endogenous DNA stress, are more tolerant than the wild type to DNA-damaging agents, and show constitutive induction of genes involved in DNA repair. This DNA stress response may be a direct consequence of reduced CDT1 accumulation on DNA repair or may relate to the ability of CDT1 proteins to form complexes with DNA polymerase e, which functions in DNA replication and in DNA stress checkpoint activation. Taken together, our results provide evidence for a crucial role of Arabidopsis CDT1 proteins in genome stability

The MYST histone acetyltransferases are essential for gametophyte development in Arabidopsis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) play critical roles in the regulation of chromatin structure and gene expression. Arabidopsis genome contains 12 HAT genes, but the biological functions of many of them are still unknown. In this work, we studied the evolutionary relationship and cellular functions of the two Arabidopsis HAT genes homologous to the MYST family members.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>An extensive phylogenetic analysis of 105 MYST proteins revealed that they can be divided into 5 classes, each of which contains a specific combination of protein modules. The two Arabidopsis MYST proteins, HAM1 and HAM2, belong to a "green clade", clearly separated from other families of HATs. Using a reverse genetic approach, we show that <it>HAM1 </it>and <it>HAM2 </it>are a functionally redundant pair of genes, as single Arabidopsis <it>ham1 </it>and <it>ham2 </it>mutants displayed a wild-type phenotype, while no double mutant seedling could be recovered. Genetic analysis and cytological study revealed that <it>ham1ham2 </it>double mutation induced severe defects in the formation of male and female gametophyte, resulting in an arrest of mitotic cell cycle at early stages of gametogenesis. RT-PCR experiments and the analysis of transgenic plants expressing the <it>GUS </it>reporter gene under the <it>HAM1 </it>or the <it>HAM2 </it>promoter showed that both genes displayed an overlapping expression pattern, mainly in growing organs such as shoots and flower buds.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The work presented here reveals novel properties for MYST HATs in Arabidopsis. In addition to providing an evolutionary relationship of this large protein family, we show the evidence of a link between MYST and gamete formation as previously suggested in mammalian cells. A possible function of the Arabidopsis MYST protein-mediated histone acetylation during cell division is suggested.</p

Homologous Recombination Is Stimulated by a Decrease in dUTPase in Arabidopsis

Deoxyuridine triphosphatase (dUTPase) enzyme is an essential enzyme that protects DNA against uracil incorporation. No organism can tolerate the absence of this activity. In this article, we show that dUTPase function is conserved between E. coli (Escherichia coli), yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and that it is essential in Arabidopsis as in both micro-organisms. Using a RNA interference strategy, plant lines were generated with a diminished dUTPase activity as compared to the wild-type. These plants are sensitive to 5-fluoro-uracil. As an indication of DNA damage, inactivation of dUTPase results in the induction of AtRAD51 and AtPARP2, which are involved in DNA repair. Nevertheless, RNAi/DUT1 constructs are compatible with a rad51 mutation. Using a TUNEL assay, DNA damage was observed in the RNAi/DUT1 plants. Finally, plants carrying a homologous recombination (HR) exclusive substrate transformed with the RNAi/DUT1 construct exhibit a seven times increase in homologous recombination events. Increased HR was only detected in the plants that were the most sensitive to 5-fluoro-uracils, thus establishing a link between uracil incorporation in the genomic DNA and HR. Our results show for the first time that genetic instability provoked by the presence of uracils in the DNA is poorly tolerated and that this base misincorporation globally stimulates HR in plants

Crosstalks between Myo-Inositol Metabolism, Programmed Cell Death and Basal Immunity in Arabidopsis

BACKGROUND: Although it is a crucial cellular process required for both normal development and to face stress conditions, the control of programmed cell death in plants is not fully understood. We previously reported the isolation of ATXR5 and ATXR6, two PCNA-binding proteins that could be involved in the regulation of cell cycle or cell death. A yeast two-hybrid screen using ATXR5 as bait captured AtIPS1, an enzyme which catalyses the committed step of myo-inositol (MI) biosynthesis. atips1 mutants form spontaneous lesions on leaves, raising the possibility that MI metabolism may play a role in the control of PCD in plants. In this work, we have characterised atips1 mutants to gain insight regarding the role of MI in PCD regulation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: - lesion formation in atips1 mutants depends of light intensity, is due to PCD as evidenced by TUNEL labelling of nuclei, and is regulated by phytohormones such as salicylic acid - MI and galactinol are the only metabolites whose accumulation is significantly reduced in the mutant, and supplementation of the mutant with these compounds is sufficient to prevent PCD - the transcriptome profile of the mutant is extremely similar to that of lesion mimic mutants such as cpr5, or wild-type plants infected with pathogens. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Taken together, our results provide strong evidence for the role of MI or MI derivatives in the regulation of PCD. Interestingly, there are three isoforms of IPS in Arabidopsis, but AtIPS1 is the only one harbouring a nuclear localisation sequence, suggesting that nuclear pools of MI may play a specific role in PCD regulation and opening new research prospects regarding the role of MI in the prevention of tumorigenesis. Nevertheless, the significance of the interaction between AtIPS1 and ATXR5 remains to be established

Functional characterization of Arabidopsis CDT1 proteins : role in cell proliferation regulation and maintenance of genome integrity

Chez les plantes, les méristèmes ont la capacité de se diviser tout au long de la vie de la plante, qui peut dépasser 1000 ans pour certaines espèces. De plus, la lignée germinale n'est pas définie dès l'embryogenèse mais provient des cellules méristématiques et s’individualise relativement tard au cours du développement. Il est donc crucial que le cycle cellulaire soit finement régulé afin d'éviter une accumulation de mutations au cours de la croissance végétative et de la reproduction. Chez tous les eucaryotes, les protéines CDT1 sont impliquées dans l’initiation de la réplication de l'ADN en permettant la formation du complexe de pré-réplication et l'ouverture de la fourche de réplication avant le recrutement des ADN polymérases. Leur activité est strictement régulée afin que chaque partie du génome soit répliquée une fois et une seule au cours de la phase S. Le génome d’Arabidopsis thaliana code pour deux protéines homologues du facteur d’initiation de la réplication CDT1 (CDC10 Target1) : AtCDT1a et AtCDT1b. La sur-expression de CDT1a stimule la réplication de l’ADN et, chez Arabidopsis, cette protéine aurait une double fonction dans la régulation du cycle cellulaire et dans la division des plastes. Nous avons étudié ici les fonctions respectives de AtCDT1a et AtCDT1b. En utilisant des approches génétiques, nous avons montré que ces deux protéines jouent des rôles partiellement redondants pour maintenir l’intégrité du génome et permettre le développement des gamétophytes. De plus, en réalisant une approche de TAP (Tandem Affinity Purification), nous avons montré qu’elles interagissent avec l’ADN polymérase ε, une ADN polymérase réplicative, ouvrant de nouvelles perspectives de recherche concernant le rôle des protéines CDT1de plantes lors de la réplication de l'ADN. En parallèle, nous avons essayé d'élucider les spécificités de CDT1a et plus précisément de son extension N-terminale qui est absente de CDT1b. Nous avons constaté que ce domaine de CDT1a est requis pour son interaction avec l'ADN pol ε, et que les mutants cdt1a complémentés par une version tronquée de la protéine présentent une croissance considérablement réduite, un arrêt prématuré du méristème racinaire, et un stress de l'ADN constitutif, ce qui suggère que l’interaction CDT1a/pol ε est indispensable à la progression normale de la phase S. L’ensemble de nos résultats ont révélé de nouvelles fonctions pour les homologues de CDT1 de plantes. Une question importante sera de déterminer si celles-ci sont caractéristiques du cycle cellulaire chez les plantes, ou si nous avons identifié de nouveaux mécanismes qui sont conservés chez tous les eucaryotes.In plants, meristems retain the ability to divide throughout the life cycle of plants, which can last for over 1000 years in some species. Furthermore, the germline is not laid down early during embryogenesis but originates from the meristematic cells relatively late during development. Thus, accurate cell cycle regulation is of utmost importance to avoid the accumulation of mutations during vegetative growth and reproduction. In all eukaryotes, CDT1 proteins are involved in the onset of DNA replication by allowing the formation of the pre-replication complex and subsequent opening of the replication fork. Their activity is strictly regulated to ensure faithful duplication of the genome during S-phase. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes two homologs of the replication licensing factor CDT1 (CDC10 Target 1): AtCDT1a and AtCDT1b. Overexpression of CDT1a stimulates DNA replication, and this protein would have a function both in cell cycle regulation and plastid division.Here, we have investigated the respective roles of Arabidopsis CDT1a and CDT1b. Using genetic approaches, we have shown that the two proteins function partially redundantly to maintain genome integrity and allow gametophyte development. In addition, using Tandem Affinity Purification, we have shown that they interact with DNA pol ε, a replicative DNA polymerase, opening further research prospects regarding the role of plant CDT1 proteins during DNA replication. In parallel, we have tried to elucidate the specificities of CDT1a and more precisely of its N-terminal extension that is absent from CDT1b. We have found that this domain of CDT1a is required for its interaction with DNA pol ε, and that cdt1a mutants complemented with a truncated version of the protein show drastically reduced growth, premature meristem arrest, and constitutive DNA stress, suggesting that the CDT1a/pol ε interaction is indispensible to the normal progression of S-phase. Together, our results have unraveled new functions for plant CDT1 homologues, and one important aspect of future research will be to determine whether these are features of the plant cell cycle, or if we have identified new mechanisms that are conserved in all eukaryotes

Caractérisation fonctionnelle des protéines CDT1 d'Arabidopsis (rôles dans la régulation de la prolifération cellulaire et dans le maintien de l'intégrité du génome)

Chez les plantes, les méristèmes ont la capacité de se diviser tout au long de la vie de la plante, qui peut dépasser 1000 ans pour certaines espèces. De plus, la lignée germinale n'est pas définie dès l'embryogenèse mais provient des cellules méristématiques et s individualise relativement tard au cours du développement. Il est donc crucial que le cycle cellulaire soit finement régulé afin d'éviter une accumulation de mutations au cours de la croissance végétative et de la reproduction. Chez tous les eucaryotes, les protéines CDT1 sont impliquées dans l initiation de la réplication de l'ADN en permettant la formation du complexe de pré-réplication et l'ouverture de la fourche de réplication avant le recrutement des ADN polymérases. Leur activité est strictement régulée afin que chaque partie du génome soit répliquée une fois et une seule au cours de la phase S. Le génome d Arabidopsis thaliana code pour deux protéines homologues du facteur d initiation de la réplication CDT1 (CDC10 Target1) : AtCDT1a et AtCDT1b. La sur-expression de CDT1a stimule la réplication de l ADN et, chez Arabidopsis, cette protéine aurait une double fonction dans la régulation du cycle cellulaire et dans la division des plastes. Nous avons étudié ici les fonctions respectives de AtCDT1a et AtCDT1b. En utilisant des approches génétiques, nous avons montré que ces deux protéines jouent des rôles partiellement redondants pour maintenir l intégrité du génome et permettre le développement des gamétophytes. De plus, en réalisant une approche de TAP (Tandem Affinity Purification), nous avons montré qu elles interagissent avec l ADN polymérase , une ADN polymérase réplicative, ouvrant de nouvelles perspectives de recherche concernant le rôle des protéines CDT1de plantes lors de la réplication de l'ADN. En parallèle, nous avons essayé d'élucider les spécificités de CDT1a et plus précisément de son extension N-terminale qui est absente de CDT1b. Nous avons constaté que ce domaine de CDT1a est requis pour son interaction avec l'ADN pol , et que les mutants cdt1a complémentés par une version tronquée de la protéine présentent une croissance considérablement réduite, un arrêt prématuré du méristème racinaire, et un stress de l'ADN constitutif, ce qui suggère que l interaction CDT1a/pol est indispensable à la progression normale de la phase S. L ensemble de nos résultats ont révélé de nouvelles fonctions pour les homologues de CDT1 de plantes. Une question importante sera de déterminer si celles-ci sont caractéristiques du cycle cellulaire chez les plantes, ou si nous avons identifié de nouveaux mécanismes qui sont conservés chez tous les eucaryotes.In plants, meristems retain the ability to divide throughout the life cycle of plants, which can last for over 1000 years in some species. Furthermore, the germline is not laid down early during embryogenesis but originates from the meristematic cells relatively late during development. Thus, accurate cell cycle regulation is of utmost importance to avoid the accumulation of mutations during vegetative growth and reproduction. In all eukaryotes, CDT1 proteins are involved in the onset of DNA replication by allowing the formation of the pre-replication complex and subsequent opening of the replication fork. Their activity is strictly regulated to ensure faithful duplication of the genome during S-phase. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes two homologs of the replication licensing factor CDT1 (CDC10 Target 1): AtCDT1a and AtCDT1b. Overexpression of CDT1a stimulates DNA replication, and this protein would have a function both in cell cycle regulation and plastid division.Here, we have investigated the respective roles of Arabidopsis CDT1a and CDT1b. Using genetic approaches, we have shown that the two proteins function partially redundantly to maintain genome integrity and allow gametophyte development. In addition, using Tandem Affinity Purification, we have shown that they interact with DNA pol , a replicative DNA polymerase, opening further research prospects regarding the role of plant CDT1 proteins during DNA replication. In parallel, we have tried to elucidate the specificities of CDT1a and more precisely of its N-terminal extension that is absent from CDT1b. We have found that this domain of CDT1a is required for its interaction with DNA pol , and that cdt1a mutants complemented with a truncated version of the protein show drastically reduced growth, premature meristem arrest, and constitutive DNA stress, suggesting that the CDT1a/pol interaction is indispensible to the normal progression of S-phase. Together, our results have unraveled new functions for plant CDT1 homologues, and one important aspect of future research will be to determine whether these are features of the plant cell cycle, or if we have identified new mechanisms that are conserved in all eukaryotes.PARIS11-SCD-Bib. électronique (914719901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Adherent Bacteria and Parasiticidal Secretion Products of Human Cervicovaginal Microbiota-Associated Lactobacillus gasseri Confer Non-Identical Cell Protection against Trichomonas vaginalis-Induced Cell Detachment

Trichomonas vaginalis, a protozoan parasite specific to the human genital tract, is one of the most common sexually transmitted pathogens. Its pathogenicity is strongly associated with its expression of a broad array of proteases triggering cytotoxic effects in host epithelial cells. Vaginal microbiota-associated Lactobacillus, including those of L. gasseri in particular, can counteract T. vaginalis pathogenesis, but the mechanisms involved have yet to be clarified. T. vaginalis strain G3 (Tv G3) cytotoxicity was assessed by examining cell morphology, cell detachment, and fluorescent labeling of the F-actin cytoskeleton and immunolabeling of vinculin-position focal adhesions (FAs) by confocal laser scanning electron microscopy on confluent cervicovaginal epithelial HeLa cell monolayers. The inhibitory effects of bacterial cells and secreted products of L. gasseri ATCC 9857 and KS 120.1 on the Tv G3 viability and parasite deleterious effects on HeLa cells were investigated. Pre-adhering L. gasseri cells delayed but did not inhibit Tv G3-induced cell detachment, F-actin cytoskeleton disorganization and the disappearance of vinculin-positive focal FAs. L. gasseri KS 120.1 secretion products had a rapid parasiticide activity by killing time- and concentration-dependent Tv G3 parasites after direct contact. By killing Tv G3 parasites already associated with the epithelial cells, secretion products have abolished parasite-induced cell detachment. Our findings suggest that vagina microbiota-associated L. gasseri creates a physical barrier and exerts pharmacological-type mechanisms to counteract the deleterious cytotoxic effects of T. vaginalis

Chloroplasts around the plant cell cycle

Plastids arose from an endosymbiosis between a host cell and free-living bacteria. One key step during this evolutionary process has been the establishment of coordinated cell and symbiont division to allow the maintenance of organelles during proliferation of the host. However, surprisingly little is known about the underlying mechanisms. In addition, due to their central role in the cell's energetic metabolism and to their sensitivity to various environmental cues such as light or temperature, plastids are ideally fitted to be the source of signals allowing plants to adapt their development according to external conditions. Consistently, there is accumulating evidence that plastid-derived signals can impinge on cell cycle regulation. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the dialogue between chloroplasts and the nucleus in the context of the cell cycle

Development and Characterization of Innovative Multidrug Nanoformulation for Cardiac Therapy

International audienceFor several decades, various peptides have been under investigation to prevent ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, including cyclosporin A (CsA) and Elamipretide. Therapeutic peptides are currently gaining momentum as they have many advantages over small molecules, such as better selectivity and lower toxicity. However, their rapid degradation in the bloodstream is a major drawback that limits their clinical use, due to their low concentration at the site of action. To overcome these limitations, we have developed new bioconjugates of Elamipretide by covalent coupling with polyisoprenoid lipids, such as squalenic acid or solanesol, embedding self-assembling ability. The resulting bioconjugates were co-nanoprecipitated with CsA squalene bioconjugate to form Elamipretide decorated nanoparticles (NPs). The subsequent composite NPs were characterized with respect to mean diameter, zeta potential, and surface composition by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy (CryoTEM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometry (XPS). Further, these multidrug NPs were found to have less than 20% cytotoxicity on two cardiac cell lines even at high concentrations, while maintaining an antioxidant capacity. These multidrug NPs could be considered for further investigations as an approach to target two important pathways involved in the development of cardiac I/R lesions