ETA: Estrategias organizativas y actuaciones (1978-1992)

ETA ha desarrollado en los últimos años una estructura idónea para practicar el activismo violento, a costa de excluir el debate político e ideológico en su seno. Esta estructura genera una inercia continuadora de la violencia y dificulta el abandono colectivo de las armas. Frente a la organización sólo cabe la disidencia individual y silenciosa. Una jerarquía renovada por cooptación impone sus decisiones al resto de sus militantes, que aceptan este modo de proceder en nombre de las exigencias de la clandestinidad. Esas estructuras han sido alimentadas por cientos de activistas que se han enrolado en ETA en un flujo que comienza a reducirse de forma sustancial a mediados de los 80. Esos activistas constituyen la base social de ETA, una base que hasta mitad de la década de los 70 procedía de las clases medias, pero que en los años 80 se traslada hacia escalones más desfavorecidos de la sociedad vasca

Paysage, mobilité et réseau routier

Se plantea en este artículo un marco teórico general sobre la percepción del paisaje en movimiento como espacio vivido. Para ello se lleva a cabo un recorrido histórico de las ideas que se han desarrollado en relación con esta cuestión. Además, se parte de la existencia de capacidades humanas comunes para la interpretación del espacio que se habita y se expone cómo los diversos modos de desplazamiento han modulado las capacidades comunes de percepción e interpretación del espacio vivido.Cet article offre un cadre théorique sur la perception du paysage en mouvement, considerée comme espace vécu. Les auteurs commencent en faisant un parcours historique à travers les idées développées sur ce thème. Après, on propose l’existence de capacités communes à tous les personnes, qui les permettent d’interpreter l’espace qu’ils habitent. Finalement, on y expose les différentes formes de perception du paysage en mouvement selon les modes de transport utilisés.The aim of the paper is to set out a theoretical frame in relation to perception of landscape in motion, considered as living space. First of all, a historical review through ideas about the topic is carried out. The paper also takes a position, raising the existence of common human abilities to interpret living space. Furthermore, the authors show ways in which different means of transport have a bearing on the previously mentioned common abilities

Light-dependent regulation of cyanobacterial phytochrome expression

A histidine kinase protein (Cph1) with sequence homology and spectral characteristics very similar to those of the plant phytochrome has been recently identified in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. Cph1 together with Rcp1 (a protein homologue to the response regulator CheY) forms a light-regulated two-component system whose function is presently unknown. Levels of cph1 rcp1 mRNA increase in the dark and decrease upon reillumination. A dark-mediated increase in cph1 rcp1 mRNA levels was inhibited by the presence of glucose, but not by inhibition of the photosynthetic electron flow. The half-life of cph1 rcp1 transcript in the light was about fourfold shorter than in the dark, indicating that control of cph1 rcp1 transcript stability is one of the mechanisms by which light regulates expression of the cyanobacterial phytochrome. After 15 min of darkness, 3-min pulses of red, blue, green, and far-red light were equally efficient in decreasing the cph1 rcp1 mRNA levels. Red light downregulation was not reversed by far-red light, suggesting that cph1 rcp1 mRNA levels are not controlled by a phytochrome-like photoreceptor. Furthermore, a Synechocystis strain containing an H538R Cph1 point mutation, unable to phosphorylate Rcp1, shows normal light-dark regulation of the cph1 rcp1 transcript levels. Our data suggest a role of cyanobacterial phytochrome in the control of processes required for adaptation in light-dark and dark-light transitions.DGESID PB97-0732Junta de Andalucía CV1-011

Electronic modeling of a PEMFC with logarithmic amplifiers

The main purpose of this project has been to simulate the behavior of a PEM-type fuel cell working in a stationary regimen using an equivalent circuit (EC). The EC designed with Multisim circuit design software reproduces the three characteristics sections of a polarization curve for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The main characteristic of this EC is that it offers the possibility to adapt the power range of the fuel cell in the simulated electronic model. To do so, a transconductance is used to allow adjusting the load current range. The EC allows fitting the simulated results to any commercial PEM fuel cell polarization curves and power ranges, adjusting parameters such as the charge current IFC and the reversible voltage of the PEM fuel cell Erev, and then setting the resistor values in the losses blocks and in the amplifiers. Validation of the EC has been performed by simply adjusting the empirical data obtained with an Electrochem commercial 25 cm2 active area PEMFC to the different analog blocks of the EC. Adjustments were carried out by using Mathcad 14 calculation algorithms

Elastic Modulus of Woven Bone: Correlation with Evolution of Porosity and X-ray Greyscale

The woven bone created during the healing of bone regeneration processes is characterized as being extremely inhomogeneous and having a variable stiffness that increases with time. Therefore, it is important to study how the mechanical properties of woven bone are dependent on its microarchitecture and especially on its porosity and mineral content. The porosity and the x-ray greyscale of specimens taken from bone transport studies in sheep were assessed by means of ex vivo imaging. Our study demonstrates that the porosity of the woven bone in the distraction area diminishes during the healing process from 73.3% 35 days after surgery to 31.9% 525 days after surgery. In addition, the woven bone's porosity is negatively correlated with its Young's modulus. The x-ray greyscale, was measured as an indicator of the level of mineralization of the woven bone. Greyscale index has been demonstrated to be inversely proportional to porosity and to increase to up to 60-80% of the level in cortical bone. The results of this study may contribute to the development of micromechanical models of woven bone and improvements in in silico modelling.The authors gratefully acknowledge the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad del Gobierno España (Grant Number DPI2017-82501-P) and the Consejería de Innovación, Ciencia y Empleo de la Junta de Andalucía (Grant Numbers P09-TEP-5195 and US-1261691) for research funding.Departamento de Ingeniería Minera, Mecánica, Energética y de la Construcció

Catalytic activity of MWCNT-based inks synthetized by different methods

Abstract of the poster presented at "Current Trends in Electrochemistry", 41st Meeting of the Electrochemistry Group of the Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry and 1st French-Spanish Atelier/Workshop on Electrochemistry, Paris (July 6 - 9, 2021).Research on new catalyst materials for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is the main goal for many research groups around the world, due to its application in fuel cells and metal/air batteries. ORR mainly occurs by two pathways, in alkaline media, the direct four-electron transfer pathway from O2 to OH- or in a two-steps mechanism, where hydrogen peroxide (HO2-) is formed in the first reaction. On fuel cells and metal air batteries applications, the catalyst must be optimized to get the oxygen reduced directly to water through the 4 electrons mechanism1. Due to high price of the precious metals, new materials are tested to be used as catalyst in ORR. Among them, researchers have focused their attention mainly on metal oxides, perovskites or carbonaceous materials. In this communication, we have studied four carbonaceous-based inks synthetized by ultrasonic or hydrothermal methods2, using a rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) (Figure 1.A). The production of HO2- (%HO2-), transferred electrons and others parameters will be analyzed and the results will be discussed in depth. Finally, the inks were used as catalysts in the cathode of a PVA-KOH-based zinc/air batteries to replace the most widely used catalyst to date, MnO2The authors thank the financial support from Fundación Séneca (Región de Murcia, Spain; Ref: 20985/PI/18 and 19882-GERM-15), Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación (PID2019-104272RB-C55/ AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and PID2019-104272RB-C51/AEI/10.13039/501100011033), and Gobierno de Aragón (DGA T03_20R).Peer reviewe

Some proves about studies in relation to immuno genetic markers and selective process in creole cattle

Se estudian los tipos sanguíneos eritrocitarios en Bovino Criollo Argentino, encontrándose posibles nuevos fenogrupos del Sistema B en esta raza. La metodología utilizada ha sido "Técnica hemolítica con fijación de complemento". En el análisis de las frecuencias génicas de los Sistemas Sanguíneos de un rodeo seleccionado comparativamente con otro rodeo introducido a la SEEA de Leales, INTA, Tucumán, se observaron diferencias significativas (P1 y Z2 ), no observándose diferencias significativas (hasta el presente) en los Sistemas C, F - V, 5, A, L, J, M y R' - 5' Destacamos la segregación de probables nuevos fenogrupos en el Sistema B tales como BGKO~O', py1 A', E3' G', B2C~ O', BGKC~ Y1E~ O', que significaría el agregado de aleles no detectados anteriormente, con el consiguiente incremento del destacado polimorfismo de Marcadores Genéticos característicos del Bovino Criollo Argentino.We studied Erythrocyte Blood Types in Argentine Creole Cattle, finding new phenogroups of B system. We have used Hemolytic Technics using Rabbit Complement Method-Genic frequency analysis of Blood Systems of a selected Herd comparatively with another Herd introduced to SEEA of Leales, INTA, Tucumán, we observed significant differences (P1 and Z2 alleles) we did not observe significant deferences (until now) in C, F V, 5, A, L, J, M and R' 5' Systems. We point out segregation in probable new phenogroups in B System, such as: BGKC~ O', PY1 A',E3'G', B2 OxO'~ BGKO~YiE3' O', which would mean adding alleles non detected before, increasing the great polimorphism of characteristic Genetic Markers of Argentine Creole Cattle.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Some proves about studies in relation to immuno genetic markers and selective process in creole cattle

Se estudian los tipos sanguíneos eritrocitarios en Bovino Criollo Argentino, encontrándose posibles nuevos fenogrupos del Sistema B en esta raza. La metodología utilizada ha sido "Técnica hemolítica con fijación de complemento". En el análisis de las frecuencias génicas de los Sistemas Sanguíneos de un rodeo seleccionado comparativamente con otro rodeo introducido a la SEEA de Leales, INTA, Tucumán, se observaron diferencias significativas (P1 y Z2 ), no observándose diferencias significativas (hasta el presente) en los Sistemas C, F - V, 5, A, L, J, M y R' - 5' Destacamos la segregación de probables nuevos fenogrupos en el Sistema B tales como BGKO~O', py1 A', E3' G', B2C~ O', BGKC~ Y1E~ O', que significaría el agregado de aleles no detectados anteriormente, con el consiguiente incremento del destacado polimorfismo de Marcadores Genéticos característicos del Bovino Criollo Argentino.We studied Erythrocyte Blood Types in Argentine Creole Cattle, finding new phenogroups of B system. We have used Hemolytic Technics using Rabbit Complement Method-Genic frequency analysis of Blood Systems of a selected Herd comparatively with another Herd introduced to SEEA of Leales, INTA, Tucumán, we observed significant differences (P1 and Z2 alleles) we did not observe significant deferences (until now) in C, F V, 5, A, L, J, M and R' 5' Systems. We point out segregation in probable new phenogroups in B System, such as: BGKC~ O', PY1 A',E3'G', B2 OxO'~ BGKO~YiE3' O', which would mean adding alleles non detected before, increasing the great polimorphism of characteristic Genetic Markers of Argentine Creole Cattle.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria