Summary and recommendations on nuclear electric propulsion technology for the space exploration initiative

A project in Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP) technology is being established to develop the NEP technologies needed for advanced propulsion systems. A paced approach has been suggested which calls for progressive development of NEP component and subsystem level technologies. This approach will lead to major facility testing to achieve TRL-5 for megawatt NEP for SEI mission applications. This approach is designed to validate NEP power and propulsion technologies from kilowatt class to megawatt class ratings. Such a paced approach would have the benefit of achieving the development, testing, and flight of NEP systems in an evolutionary manner. This approach may also have the additional benefit of synergistic application with SEI extraterrestrial surface nuclear power applications

Population inversion of driven two-level systems in a structureless bath

We derive a master equation for a driven double-dot damped by an unstructured phonon bath, and calculate the spectral density. We find that bath mediated photon absorption is important at relatively strong driving, and may even dominate the dynamics, inducing population inversion of the double dot system. This phenomenon is consistent with recent experimental observations.Comment: 4 Pages, Added Reference [30] to Dykman, 1979, available at http://www.pa.msu.edu/people/dykman/pub/Sov.J.LowTemp.Phys_5.pd

The Las Campanas Infra-red Survey. V. Keck Spectroscopy of a large sample of Extremely Red Objects

(Abridged) We present deep Keck spectroscopy, using the DEIMOS and LRIS spectrographs, of a large and representative sample of 67 ``Extremely Red Objects'' (EROs) to H=20.5, with I-H>3.0, in three of the Las Campanas Infrared Survey fields. Spectroscopic redshifts are determined for 44 sources, of which only two are contaminating low mass stars. When allowance is made for incompleteness, the spectroscopic redshift distribution closely matches that predicted earlier on the basis of photometric data. Our spectra are of sufficient quality that we can address the important question of the nature and homogeneity of the z>0.8 ERO population. A dominant old stellar population is inferred for 75% of our spectroscopic sample; a higher fraction than that seen in smaller, less-complete samples with broader photometric selection criteria (e.g. R-K). However, only 28% have spectra with no evidence of recent star formation activity, such as would be expected for a strictly passively-evolving population. More than ~30% of our absorption line spectra are of the `E+A' type with prominent Balmer absorption consistent, on average, with mass growth of 5-15% in the past Gyr. We use our spectroscopic redshifts to improve earlier estimates of the spatial clustering of this population as well as to understand the significant field-to-field variation. Our spectroscopy enables us to pinpoint a filamentary structure at z=1.22 in the Chandra Deep Field South. Overall, our study suggests that the bulk of the ERO population is an established population of clustered massive galaxies undergoing intermittent activity consistent with continued growth over the redshift interval 0.8<z<1.6.Comment: 27 pages, including 14 figures and appendix of spectra (at low resolution). Full resolution paper can be found at http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/~md . To appear in MNRA

Disruption to control network function correlates with altered dynamic connectivity in the wider autism spectrum.

Autism is a common developmental condition with a wide, variable range of co-occurring neuropsychiatric symptoms. Contrasting with most extant studies, we explored whole-brain functional organization at multiple levels simultaneously in a large subject group reflecting autism's clinical diversity, and present the first network-based analysis of transient brain states, or dynamic connectivity, in autism. Disruption to inter-network and inter-system connectivity, rather than within individual networks, predominated. We identified coupling disruption in the anterior-posterior default mode axis, and among specific control networks specialized for task start cues and the maintenance of domain-independent task positive status, specifically between the right fronto-parietal and cingulo-opercular networks and default mode network subsystems. These appear to propagate downstream in autism, with significantly dampened subject oscillations between brain states, and dynamic connectivity configuration differences. Our account proposes specific motifs that may provide candidates for neuroimaging biomarkers within heterogeneous clinical populations in this diverse condition

Study of radiation hazards to man on extended near earth missions

Radiation hazards to man on extended near earth mission

Carleton E. Watkins, Photographer: 1829-1916

This article chronicles the life of Carleton E. Watkins, who was active during the dawn of photography in the nineteenth century. He photographed Yosemite Valley, the sequoias, and other scenery of California. Includes prints of Watkins, which are taken from the Syracuse University Watkins album

Ecology of feral cats Felis catus and their prey in relation to shrubland fire regimes

Invasive predators are major drivers of global biodiversity loss and their impacts may be worsened by other disturbances such as fire. I examined how the fire history of shrublands influences the ecology of feral cats Felis catus, dingoes Canis dingo and their prey species in Western Australia’s northern Wheatbelt region. A review of the literature revealed that feral cats inhabit a diverse range of ecosystems worldwide, but are generally recorded most often in habitat types characterised by a mixture of plant growth forms close to ground level. Cat habitat use is influenced by predation/competition, prey availability, shelter availability and anthropogenic resource subsidies. Relatively few studies were available for review and the strength of evidence contained within them was generally low, which highlighted the need for more rigorous field studies. I examined overlap in resource use between cats and dingoes using remote camera surveys and dietary analysis of scats. Both carnivores were recorded in all four major habitat types: recently burnt shrublands (10 to 14 years since last fire), long unburnt shrublands (34 to ~49 years), very long unburnt shrublands (\u3e 50 years), and woodlands. Dingoes and cats preferred woodlands and very long unburnt shrublands respectively, but spatial overlap between the two species was still common. Mean diurnal activity time for feral cats was two and a half hours later than that of dingoes. The diet of feral cats was more diverse than that of dingoes and dietary overlap between the two carnivores was relatively low. Rabbit remains did occur relatively frequently in both cat and dingo scats, but small mammals, reptiles and birds were also common in cat scats, and macropods in dingo scats. Nine of the 15 prey species studied showed a preference for either recently burnt or long unburnt shrublands. Two small mammals and three reptiles were most abundant in recently burnt areas, while the abundance of one small mammal and three reptiles was highest in long unburnt areas. Using giving up density experiments, I showed that rodents exhibited differential foraging behaviour in the two vegetation fire ages. The rodents foraged for longer in sheltered compared to open microhabitats, but this pattern only occurred in recently burnt, not long unburnt shrublands, probably because the higher density of understorey vegetation in recently burnt areas provided the rodents with extra cover to hide and escape from predators. I also developed a new framework for conceptualising interactions between invasive predators and other ecological disturbances, such as fire, habitat fragmentation, and top -predator decline. The impacts of invasive predators can be classified as either functional (density -independent) or numerical (density -dependent), and they interact with other threats through both habitat -mediated (fire, grazing, land clearing) and community -mediated (top -predator decline, altered prey populations, anthropogenic resource subsidies) interaction pathways. The key findings of this thesis show that both old and young shrublands can be suitable habitat for feral cats; predator -prey dynamics are influenced by successional habitat stages; small mammals show behavioural, as well as population -level responses to fire; and that invasive predator management is likely to benefit from addressing multiple threats in unison

Influence of convective transport on tropospheric ozone and its precursors in a chemistry-climate model

The impact of convection on tropospheric O₃ and its precursors has been examined in a coupled chemistry-climate model. There are two ways that convection affects O₃. First, convection affects O₃ by vertical mixing of O₃ itself. Convection lifts lower tropospheric air to regions where the O₃ lifetime is longer, whilst mass-balance subsidence mixes O₃-rich upper tropospheric (UT) air downwards to regions where the O₃ lifetime is shorter. This tends to decrease UT O₃ and the overall tropospheric column of O₃. Secondly, convection affects O₃ by vertical mixing of O₃ precursors. This affects O₃ chemical production and destruction. Convection transports isoprene and its degradation products to the UT where they interact with lightning NO_x to produce PAN, at the expense of NO_x. In our model, we find that convection reduces UT NO_x through this mechanism; convective down-mixing also flattens our imposed profile of lightning emissions, further reducing UT NO_x. Over tropical land, which has large lightning NO_x emissions in the UT, we find convective lofting of NO_x from surface sources appears relatively unimportant. Despite UT NO_x decreases, UT O₃ production increases as a result of UT HO_x increases driven by isoprene oxidation chemistry. However, UT O₃ tends to decrease, as the effect of convective overturning of O₃ itself dominates over changes in O₃ chemistry. Convective transport also reduces UT O₃ in the mid-latitudes resulting in a 13% decrease in the global tropospheric O₃ burden. These results contrast with an earlier study that uses a model of similar chemical complexity. Differences in convection schemes as well as chemistry schemes &ndash; in particular isoprene-driven changes are the most likely causes of such discrepancies. Further modelling studies are needed to constrain this uncertainty range