Studies on Loading Salicylic Acid in Xerogel Films of Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid.

During the last decades, salicylic acid (SA) and hyaluronic acid (HA) have been studiedfor a wide range of cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications. The current study investigated thedrug loading potential of SA in HA-based crosslinked hydrogel films using a post-loading (osmosis)method of the unmedicated xerogels from saturated aqueous solutions of salicylic acid over a rangeof pH values. The films were characterized with Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR) andultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry in order to elucidate the drug loading profile and thefilms’ integrity during the loading process. Additional studies on their weight loss (%), gel fraction(%), thickness increase (%) and swelling (%) were performed. Overall, the studies showed significantfilm disintegration at highly acidic and basic solutions. No drug loading occurred at neutral andbasic pH, possibly due to the anionic repulsion between SA and HA, whereas at, pH 2.1, the drugloading was promising and could be detected via UV-Vis analysis of the medicated solutions, withthe SA concentration in the xerogel films at 28% w/w

Effect of Drug Loading Method and Drug Physicochemical Properties on the Material and Drug Release Properties of Poly (Ethylene Oxide) Hydrogels for Transdermal Delivery

Novel poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) hydrogel films were synthesized via UV cross-linking with pentaerythritol tetra-acrylate (PETRA) as cross-linking agent. The purpose of this work was to develop a novel hydrogel film suitable for passive transdermal drug delivery via skin application. Hydrogels were loaded with model drugs (lidocaine hydrochloride (LID), diclofenac sodium (DIC) and ibuprofen (IBU)) via post-loading and in situ loading methods. The effect of loading method and drug physicochemical properties on the material and drug release properties of medicated film samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), swelling studies, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), tensile testing, rheometry, and drug release studies. In situ loaded films showed better drug entrapment within the hydrogel network and also better polymer crystallinity. High drug release was observed from all studied formulations. In situ loaded LID had a plasticizing effect on PEO hydrogel, and films showed excellent mechanical properties and prolonged drug release. The drug release mechanism for the majority of medicated PEO hydrogel formulations was determined as both drug diffusion and polymer chain relaxation, which is highly desirable for controlled release formulation

Novel Crosslinked HA Hydrogel Films for the Immediate Release of Active Ingredients

Novel crosslinked hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel films were previously invented by reacting the HA polymer with the PT (Pentaerythritol Tetra-acrylate) crosslinker over basic pH conditions in the oven. HA is considered a natural polymer present in cosmetic as well as pharmaceutical formulations. This current study aimed to highlight the effect of loading method (post-loading and in situ) of selected actives (salicylic acid and niacinamide B3) in the hydrogel films and then study their release kinetics. Differential scanning colometry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis evidenced the loading of the actives and full release from the HA hydrogel films, while the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated the morphological changes to the films during the study by comparing the average molecular weight between crosslinks (M????c), gel fraction, crosslinking density (Ve) and mesh size (xi) of the films. The loading percentage of the SA and B3 showed high percentage loading of actives via both loading methods. In conclusion, the (95?100 release of the actives achieved from the HA hydrogel films within 10 min revealed that the films are an efficient immediate release system of actives

Five-Point Likert Items: t test versus Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon (\u3ci\u3eAddendum added October 2012\u3c/i\u3e)

Likert questionnaires are widely used in survey research, but it is unclear whether the item data should be investigated by means of parametric or nonparametric procedures. This study compared the Type I and II error rates of the t test versus the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon (MWW) for five-point Likert items. Fourteen population distributions were defined and pairs of samples were drawn from the populations and submitted to the t test and the t test on ranks, which yields the same results as MWW. The results showed that the two tests had equivalent power for most of the pairs. MWW had a power advantage when one of the samples was drawn from a skewed or peaked distribution. Strong power differences between the t test and MWW occurred when one of the samples was drawn from a multimodal distribution. Notably, the Type I error rate of both methods was never more than 3% above the nominal rate of 5%, even not when sample sizes were highly unequal. In conclusion, for five-point Likert items, the t test and MWW generally have similar power, and researchers do not have to worry about finding a difference whilst there is none in the population.Accessed 61,170 times on https://pareonline.net from October 06, 2010 to December 31, 2019. For downloads from January 1, 2020 forward, please click on the PlumX Metrics link to the right

Modeling of the upwelling hydrodynamics in the Aegean Sea

The special features of the hydrodynamic circulation in the Aegean Sea referring to the development of regional upwelling coastal zones are studied by means of a mathematical model. The modeling effort is focused on the tracing of coastal areas, where upwelling events are frequently observed during the summer meteorological conditions. These areas are characterized by the enrichment of surface waters with nutrients and, consequently, increased fish production. The phenomenon is studied by the use of a two-layer mathematical model comprising the surface heated zone and the rest of the water column. The numerical solution of the model is based on the finite differences method. The wind shear applied over the stratified basin, with predefined density stratification and initial water-layers thickness, and the gravity and Coriolis forces taken into account, constitute the basic external factors for the generation of the hydrodynamic circulation in the area of the Aegean Sea. The calibration and the validation of the model are performed by the comparison of the model output to the data and observations reported in valid scientific sources. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate the significant contribution of numerical models to the better understanding of the hydrodynamics governing the Aegean water circulation as well as the tracing of upwelling zones

Special Issue “Current and Evolving Practices in the Quality Control of Cosmetics” [Editorial]

Quality Control (QC) testing of Cosmetic personal care and fragrance products is a key part of the products’ launch to the market [...

PENGEMBANGAN MODEL LATIHAN BALANCE DENGAN MEDIA RESISTANCE BAND PADA TEKNIK TENDANGAN MAWASHI GERI

*ABSTRAK* Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat pengembangan model Latihan balance dengan media resistance band pada Teknik tendangan mawashi geri cabang olahraga karate. Penelitian ini dilakukan di KOP karate Univerista Negeri Jakarta . Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian dan pengembangan (R&D) dengan tahap pengembangan model ADDIE. Hasil penelitian ini menghasilkan produk pengembangan model Latihan balance dengan media resistance band pada Teknik tendangan mawashi geri sebanyak 15 model latihan. Pengumpulan data pada penelitian inidilakukan melalui validasi ahli kepelatihan dan ahli karate dan implementasi terhadap subjek penelitian. Subjek penelitian dalam penelitian ini adalah atlet yang berada di kelas pertandingan senior sebanyak 10 orang. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pengembanga model Latihan balance dengan media resistance band pada teknik tendangan mawashi geri cabang olahraga karate. Mampu memberikan kontribusi yang baik dan menjadi media dalam proses latihan balance. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengembangan model latihan balance dengan media resistance band pada Teknik mawashi geri cabang olahraga karate. Kata Kunci : Mawashi geri, resistance band , Atlet Karate *ABSTRACT* Study This aim For make development model Balance exercise with medium resistance bands on Technique kick mawashi horror branch sport karate . Study This done in KOP karate Jakarta State University . Method study Which used is study and development (R&D) with stage development of the ADDIE model. Research results This produce product development of a balance exercise model with media resistance bands on kick techniques mawashi geri as many as 15 exercise models . Collection data on study Thisdone through validation expert coaching and expertise karate and implementation to subject research . subject study in this research is athletes in class senior match as many as 10 people. Based on results study showing that developera Balance training model with resistance band media on technique kick mawashi geri branch sport karate. able to provide good contribution and become a media in process exercise balance. So that can concluded that development model exercise balance with resistance band media on the mawashi geri technique branch sport karate. Key Word : Mawashi gerry , Resistance Bands , Athlete Karat

Development of a two-layer mathematical model for the study of hydrodynamic circulation in the sea. Application to the Thermaikos gulf

A two-layer hydrodynamic model for stratified flows has been developed and applied to the study of the sea water circulation in the Thermaikos Gulf (North Aegean Sea in the east Mediterranean Sea). The model was based on the finite differences method. The wind and Coriolis forces applied to a stratified basin (with initial density differences ΆΪ/Ϊ = 5ς) constituted the basic factors for the study of the circulation in the gulf, corresponding to the stratification conditions. The findings of the model, concerning the basic pattern of circulation in the gulf, were in accordance with in situ data collected in previous studies of the area. Furthermore, the application of the model allowed for the tracking and recognition of the regions of upwelling in the gulf, which were related to the prevailing wind conditions. For the integration of the research, the study was complemented with runs of a two dimensional – depth averaged- model which corresponded to nonstratified conditions. Comparisons and evaluation of the results of the simulations close the study