Radiation hardness of MALTA2 monolithic CMOS imaging sensors on Czochralski substrates

MALTA2 is the latest full-scale prototype of the MALTA family of Depleted Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (DMAPS) produced in Tower Semiconductor 180 nm CMOS sensor imaging technology. In order to comply with the requirements of high energy physics (HEP) experiments, various process modifications and front-end changes have been implemented to achieve low power consumption, reduce random telegraph signal (RTS) noise, and optimise the charge collection geometry. Compared to its predecessors, MALTA2 targets the use of a high-resistivity, thick Czochralski (Cz) substrates in order to demonstrate radiation hardness in terms of detection efficiency and timing resolution up to 3 × 1015 1 MeV neq/cm2 with backside metallisation to achieve good propagation of the bias voltage. This manuscript shows the results that were obtained with non-irradiated and irradiated MALTA2 samples on Cz substrates from the CERN SPS test beam campaign from 2021 to 2023 using the MALTA telescope

Radiation hardness of MALTA2 monolithic CMOS imaging sensors on Czochralski substrates

MALTA2 is the latest full-scale prototype of the MALTA family of Depleted Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (DMAPS) produced in Tower Semiconductor 180 nm CMOS sensor imaging technology. In order to comply with the requirements of high energy physics (HEP) experiments, various process modifications and front-end changes have been implemented to achieve low power consumption, reduce random telegraph signal (RTS) noise, and optimise the charge collection geometry. Compared to its predecessors, MALTA2 targets the use of a high-resistivity, thick Czochralski (Cz) substrates in order to demonstrate radiation hardness in terms of detection efficiency and timing resolution up to 3 × 1015 1 MeV neq/cm2 with backside metallisation to achieve good propagation of the bias voltage. This manuscript shows the results that were obtained with non-irradiated and irradiated MALTA2 samples on Cz substrates from the CERN SPS test beam campaign from 2021 to 2023 using the MALTA telescope

Improvement of output power and efficiency in radio-frequency power amplifiers

U ovom radu sistematizirana je izvedba radio-frekvencijskih pojačala za primjenu u bežičnim komunikacijama. S naglaskom na frekvenciju nosioca iznosa 2,4 GHz, projektirana su pojačala snage klase A i F. Uspoređena je djelotvornost prilagodnih mreža s koncentriranim i distribuiranim komponentama. Demonstrirane su metode naknadnog ugađanja projektiranih sklopova. S ciljem postizanja veće izlazne snage ispitana je paralelna arhitektura pojačala korištenjem hibridnih sprežnika. Dobivena pojačala su karakterizirana i uspoređeno s obzirom na ključne parametre.In this thesis, the design radio frequency amplifiers for use in wireless communications is systematized. Class A and F amplifiers were designed for usage in the 2,4 GHz frequency band. The effectiveness of matching networks using concentrated and distributed components is compared. Subsequent tuning methods for amplifiers are demonstrated. In order to achieve a higher power output, a parallel amplifier architecture using hybrid couplers is tested. Key parameters of the fabricated power amplifiers were measured and compared

Improvement of output power and efficiency in radio-frequency power amplifiers

U ovom radu sistematizirana je izvedba radio-frekvencijskih pojačala za primjenu u bežičnim komunikacijama. S naglaskom na frekvenciju nosioca iznosa 2,4 GHz, projektirana su pojačala snage klase A i F. Uspoređena je djelotvornost prilagodnih mreža s koncentriranim i distribuiranim komponentama. Demonstrirane su metode naknadnog ugađanja projektiranih sklopova. S ciljem postizanja veće izlazne snage ispitana je paralelna arhitektura pojačala korištenjem hibridnih sprežnika. Dobivena pojačala su karakterizirana i uspoređeno s obzirom na ključne parametre.In this thesis, the design radio frequency amplifiers for use in wireless communications is systematized. Class A and F amplifiers were designed for usage in the 2,4 GHz frequency band. The effectiveness of matching networks using concentrated and distributed components is compared. Subsequent tuning methods for amplifiers are demonstrated. In order to achieve a higher power output, a parallel amplifier architecture using hybrid couplers is tested. Key parameters of the fabricated power amplifiers were measured and compared

Design of wideband low-noise amplifier

U ovom radu obrazložena je uporaba niskošumnih pojačala u radio-komunikacijskim primjenama. Predstavljene su mjere određivanja kvalitete pojačala. Korištenjem stečenog znanja određene su ciljane vrijednosti parametara projektiranog pojačala. Osmišljena je metoda dobivanja širokopojasnog niskošumnog pojačala, čiji je ključni dio dodatak otporničke povratne veze. Korištenjem računalnog simulatora elektroničkih sklopova finalizirana je shema pojačala i odabrane su realne komponente. Na temelju tih komponenata projektirana je tiskana pločica. Karakteristike završenog pojačala izmjereni su u laboratoriju, i uspoređene sa simuliranima. Konačno, performanse pojačala evaluirane su korištenjem moduliranog WCDMA signala.In this thesis the usage of low-noise amplifiers in radio communication applications is explained. Amplifier quality measures are presented. Using acquired knowledge, the target values of the projected amplifier are determined. A method of obtaining a broadband low-noise amplifier is derived, the key part of which is the addition of resistive feedback. Using a computer simulation of electronic circuits, the amplifier scheme is finalized, and realistic components were selected. Based on the choice of these components, a printed circuit board was designed. The characteristics of the completed amplifier were measured in the laboratory, and later compared with simulated values. Finally, performance of the designed amplifier was evaluated using modulated WCDMA signals

Design of wideband low-noise amplifier

U ovom radu obrazložena je uporaba niskošumnih pojačala u radio-komunikacijskim primjenama. Predstavljene su mjere određivanja kvalitete pojačala. Korištenjem stečenog znanja određene su ciljane vrijednosti parametara projektiranog pojačala. Osmišljena je metoda dobivanja širokopojasnog niskošumnog pojačala, čiji je ključni dio dodatak otporničke povratne veze. Korištenjem računalnog simulatora elektroničkih sklopova finalizirana je shema pojačala i odabrane su realne komponente. Na temelju tih komponenata projektirana je tiskana pločica. Karakteristike završenog pojačala izmjereni su u laboratoriju, i uspoređene sa simuliranima. Konačno, performanse pojačala evaluirane su korištenjem moduliranog WCDMA signala.In this thesis the usage of low-noise amplifiers in radio communication applications is explained. Amplifier quality measures are presented. Using acquired knowledge, the target values of the projected amplifier are determined. A method of obtaining a broadband low-noise amplifier is derived, the key part of which is the addition of resistive feedback. Using a computer simulation of electronic circuits, the amplifier scheme is finalized, and realistic components were selected. Based on the choice of these components, a printed circuit board was designed. The characteristics of the completed amplifier were measured in the laboratory, and later compared with simulated values. Finally, performance of the designed amplifier was evaluated using modulated WCDMA signals

Design of wideband low-noise amplifier

U ovom radu obrazložena je uporaba niskošumnih pojačala u radio-komunikacijskim primjenama. Predstavljene su mjere određivanja kvalitete pojačala. Korištenjem stečenog znanja određene su ciljane vrijednosti parametara projektiranog pojačala. Osmišljena je metoda dobivanja širokopojasnog niskošumnog pojačala, čiji je ključni dio dodatak otporničke povratne veze. Korištenjem računalnog simulatora elektroničkih sklopova finalizirana je shema pojačala i odabrane su realne komponente. Na temelju tih komponenata projektirana je tiskana pločica. Karakteristike završenog pojačala izmjereni su u laboratoriju, i uspoređene sa simuliranima. Konačno, performanse pojačala evaluirane su korištenjem moduliranog WCDMA signala.In this thesis the usage of low-noise amplifiers in radio communication applications is explained. Amplifier quality measures are presented. Using acquired knowledge, the target values of the projected amplifier are determined. A method of obtaining a broadband low-noise amplifier is derived, the key part of which is the addition of resistive feedback. Using a computer simulation of electronic circuits, the amplifier scheme is finalized, and realistic components were selected. Based on the choice of these components, a printed circuit board was designed. The characteristics of the completed amplifier were measured in the laboratory, and later compared with simulated values. Finally, performance of the designed amplifier was evaluated using modulated WCDMA signals

Improvement of output power and efficiency in radio-frequency power amplifiers

U ovom radu sistematizirana je izvedba radio-frekvencijskih pojačala za primjenu u bežičnim komunikacijama. S naglaskom na frekvenciju nosioca iznosa 2,4 GHz, projektirana su pojačala snage klase A i F. Uspoređena je djelotvornost prilagodnih mreža s koncentriranim i distribuiranim komponentama. Demonstrirane su metode naknadnog ugađanja projektiranih sklopova. S ciljem postizanja veće izlazne snage ispitana je paralelna arhitektura pojačala korištenjem hibridnih sprežnika. Dobivena pojačala su karakterizirana i uspoređeno s obzirom na ključne parametre.In this thesis, the design radio frequency amplifiers for use in wireless communications is systematized. Class A and F amplifiers were designed for usage in the 2,4 GHz frequency band. The effectiveness of matching networks using concentrated and distributed components is compared. Subsequent tuning methods for amplifiers are demonstrated. In order to achieve a higher power output, a parallel amplifier architecture using hybrid couplers is tested. Key parameters of the fabricated power amplifiers were measured and compared

MALTA3: concepts for a new radiation tolerant sensor in the TowerJazz 180 nm technology

The upgrade of the MALTA DMAPS designed in Tower 180 nm CMOS Imaging process will implement the numerous modifications, as well as front-end changes in order to boost the charge collection efficiency after the targeted fluence of 1x10^15 1 MeVneq/cm2. The effectiveness of these changes have been demonstrated in recent measurements with a small-scale Mini-MALTA demonstrator chip. Multiple changes in the digital periphery are proposed: The asynchronous address generator will be revised to provide more control over the pulse length. The Synchronisation memory will be upgraded with the goal of achieving a sub-nanosecond timing resolution. Serial chip to chip data transfer will be prototyped, in order to gauge the plausibility of implementation on a future full sized chip. Apart from these changes, research of the overall sensor architecture will be discussed as well

MALTA3: Concepts for a new radiation tolerant sensor in the TowerJazz 180 nm technology

The upgrade of the MALTA DMAPS designed in Tower 180 nm CMOS Imaging process will implement the numerous modifications, as well as front-end changes in order to boost the charge collection efficiency after the targeted fluence of 1x10$^{15}$ 1 MeV$n_{eq}$/cm$^{2}$. The effectiveness of these changes have been demonstrated in recent measurements with a small-scale Mini-MALTA demonstrator chip. Multiple changes in the digital periphery are proposed: The asynchronous address generator will be revised to provide more control over the pulse length. The Synchronization memory will be upgraded with the goal of achieving a sub-nanosecond timing resolution. Serial chip to chip data transfer will be prototyped, in order to gauge the plausibility of implementation on a future full sized chip. Apart from these changes, research of the overall sensor architecture will be discussed as well