42 research outputs found
Gapful electrons in a vortex core in granular superconductors
We calculate the quasiparticle density of states (DoS) inside the vortex core
in a granular superconductor, generalizing the classical solution applicable
for dirty superconductors. A discrete version of the Usadel equation for a
vortex is derived and solved numerically for a broad range of parameters.
Electron DoS is found to be gapful when the vortex size becomes
comparable to the distance between neighboring grains . Minigap magnitude
grows from zero at to third of superconducting gap
at . The absence of low-energy excitations is
the main ingredient needed to understand strong suppression of microwave
dissipation recently observed in a mixed state of granular Al
Instability of the Knee Joint Before and After Reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament According to the Questionnaire
Background: The instability of the knee joint after a rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament in recent decades has acquired the character of a meme among Russian orthopedists with a very wide use and meaning. Aim: In this study, we tried to find out how often the phenomenon of instability occurs and how it can be associated with joint injury. Methods: The method of questioning, collecting anamnesis in patients at the primary orthopedic appointment and in patients after surgical reconstruction by the method of questioning was used. Results: The data collected in 433 patients with a verified rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament showed that 77% experienced a feeling of instability in the knee joint, and 19% did not experience them at all. Arthroscopic reconstruction was performed in 297 patients, 71 of them were surveyed. The period of time from surgery to questioning was 6.5 years on average. Not all patients can note the moment of injury. Even if there was an injury to the knee joint, 10% of patients do not note the development of instability immediately after injury. The duration of the sensation of instability in the knee joint after injury varies from one week to a year or more. The very moment of joint instability is accompanied by pain in more than half of the cases. At the same time, 12% of the respondents had no pain. A third of the respondents had never noted episodes of instability in the knee joint before surgical reconstruction. But 11% had such episodes daily. In the postoperative period, 27% note the recurrence of joint instability at different times. Conclusions: Thus, an ACL tear does not equal knee instability. Instability is not a condition, but a short-term episode that occurs during the period of support and leads to buckling of the limb
Targeted training of the function of walking according to the stance and single support phase in patients in the early recovery period of cerebral stroke
Background: The phases of support and single support on a limb are significant basic parameters of walking (phase of support means the whole limb support time, while the phase of single support is when only one limb is on the ground). Both can be used as targets for biofeedback training.
Aim: to investigate the effectiveness of both target parameters for training the function of walking with biofeedback in patients in the early recovery period of cerebral stroke.
Methods: The study involved 40 patients, 20 in each group, who underwent a training course to harmonize walking: the first group for the period of support, and the second group for the period of single support. The control group of healthy people also consisted of 20 people. We studied the spatiotemporal parameters of walking at an arbitrary pace at the beginning and after the end of the training course, as well as classical clinical scales. The treadmill training consisted of 10 sessions.
Results: The clinical and biomechanical parameters of walking changed their values in the direction of a significant improvement in the performance. At the same time, the biomechanical parameters of the second group indicated a more severe functional state before the start of the treatment, with the same clinical parameters according to the Barthel scale, Rivermead Mobility Index, modified Rankin scale, rehabilitation routing scale, and manual muscle testing. In the first group, indirect data were obtained on the possible effect of the target indicator on the training and direct data on its effect on the function of a healthy limb, which also allows increasing the load on the paretic one. In the second group, there were no reliable data on the effect of biofeedback training on the functional outcome.
Conclusion: The conducted study showed that the classical clinical assessment of the patient's condition may not correspond to the instrumental functional study of walking. When using the support period as the training target parameter, indirect evidence was obtained that such a training is effective
Π₯ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ: ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Β«Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π°Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²Β»
Π₯ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ (Π₯ΠΠ‘) ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΒ Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΒ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΒ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΒ ΡΠ΅Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π°Β ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΒ Π½Π°Β ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ². Π₯ΠΠ‘ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΒ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈΒ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΒ Π₯ΠΠ‘ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ Π²Π΅Π³Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ (ΠΠ‘) ΠΈΒ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ (Π‘ΠΠ‘). Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ Β«ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡΒ» (ΠΠΠ‘). ΠΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ·Β Π‘ΠΠ‘Β β ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΒ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Β Π₯ΠΠ‘ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°Β ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΒ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΠ°Π» ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΒ Π₯ΠΠ‘ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π²Β ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΒ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ±Ρ ΡΒ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΒ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ (ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΈ, ΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π±ΠΎΠ»Ρ, ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΒ Π΄Ρ.). Π£Β ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΒ Π₯ΠΠ‘ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΒ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Ρ Π²Β ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΒ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Π΅Π΅Β ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π°. ΠΠ°Β Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ² ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°Β Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½Π΅Β ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ; ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΒ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ², ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π²Β Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΒ Π₯ΠΠ‘ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅, Π²Β ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π²Β ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΒ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈΒ ΠΎΒ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π°Β ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²Β ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ
A Study of Biofeedback Gait Training in Cerebral Stroke Patients in the Early Recovery Phase with Stance Phase as Target Parameter
Walking function disorders are typical for patients after cerebral stroke. Biofeedback technology (BFB) is currently considered effective and promising for training walking function, including in patients after cerebral stroke. Most studies recognize that BFB training is a promising tool for improving walking function; however, the data on the use of highly selective walking parameters for BFB training are very limited. The aim of our study was to investigate the feasibility of using BFB training targeting one of the basic parameters of gait symmetryβstance phase durationβin cerebral stroke patients in the early recovery period. The study included 20 hemiparetic patients in the early recovery period after the first hemispheric ischemic stroke. The control group included 20 healthy subjects. The BFB training and biomechanical analysis of walking (before and after all BFB sessions) were done using an inertial system. The mean number of BFB sessions was nine (from 8 to 11) during the three weeks in clinic. There was not a single negative response to BFB training among the study patients, either during the sessions or later. The spatiotemporal parameters of walking showed the whole syndrome complex of slow walking and typical asymmetry of temporal walking parameters, and did not change significantly as a result of the study therapy. The changes were more significant for the functioning of hip and knee joints. The contralateral hip amplitude returned to the normal range. For the knee joint, the amplitude of the first flexion increased and the value of the amplitude of hyperextension decreased in the middle of the stance phase. Concerning muscle function, the observed significant decrease in the function of m. Gastrocnemius and the hamstring muscles on the paretic side remained without change at the end of the treatment course. We obtained positive dynamics of the biomechanical parameters of walking in patients after the BFB training course. The feasibility and efficacy of their use for targeted correction need further research
Gapful electrons in a vortex core in granular superconductors
We calculate the quasiparticle density of states (DoS) inside the vortex core in a granular superconductor, generalizing the classical solution applicable for dirty superconductors. A discrete version of the Usadel equation for a vortex is derived and solved numerically for a broad range of parameters. Electron DoS is found to be gapful when the coherence length becomes comparable to the distance between neighboring grains . Minigap magnitude grows from zero at to third of superconducting gap at . The absence of low-energy excitations is the main ingredient needed to understand strong suppression of microwave dissipation recently observed in a mixed state of granular Al
Wideband waveguide loading impedance matching on the basis of photonic crystals with nanometer metal layers
Theoretically shown and experimentally proven is the possibility of creating wideband matched loading on the basis of photonic crystals, composed of alternating nanometer metal and isolator layers with different electro-physical parameters
Effect of Sn for the dislocation-free SiSn nanostructure formation on the vapor-liquid-crystal mechanism
Structures with tin-rich island arrays on silicon pedestals were obtained by molecular beam epitaxy using Sn as a catalyst for the growth of nanostructures. A tin island array was used further to study the growth of nanostructures in the process of Si deposition on the surface with Sn islands. It was established that, during the growth on the vapor-liquid-crystal mechanism, tin-rich islands are formed on faceted pedestals. A nanostructured cellular surface was formed between the islands on pedestals. The analysis of the elemental composition of the obtained nanostructures was performed by the methods of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and photoelectron spectroscopy. It is shown that tin-rich islands can contain up to 90% tin, whereas the pedestal consists of silicon. The transmission electron microscopy data demonstrated a distinct crystal structure of tin-rich islands and silicon pedestals, as well as the absence of dislocations in the structures with island arrays on the faceted pedestals. The facet tilt angle is 19Β° and corresponds to the (311) plane. The photoluminescence signal was observed with a photoluminescence maximum near the wavelength of 1.55 ΞΌm
Nucleophilic Ring Opening of DonorβAcceptor Cyclopropanes with the Cyanate Ion: Access to Spiro[pyrrolidone-3,3β²-oxindoles]
The
nucleophilic ring opening of donorβacceptor cyclopropanes
with the cyanate ion is reported for the first time. Cyclopropanes,
spiro-activated with oxindole fragments as acceptors, are shown to
undergo transformations into biologically relevant spiroΒ[pyrrolidone-3,3β²-oxindoles]
while being treated with potassium cyanate under microwave assistance