Effects of bacterial seed inoculation on microbiological soil status and maize grain yield

Rhizosphere microorganisms are essential for plant growth and development. Many factors, including environmental conditions, genotype, seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and plant growth stages, influence rhizosphere microbiology. In this study, the dynamics of nitrogen and microbiological soil status at different growth stages of two maize hybrids, as well as their grain yield were analyzed, under the influence of seed inoculation with inoculant containing Azotobacter chroococum, Azotobacter vinelandii, Bacillus megaterium, and Bacillus licheniformis on during three experimental years. Higher nitrogen amount (NA), total number of microorganisms (TNM), number of azotobacters (NAZ), number of aminoheterotrophs (NAM), total number of sporogenic bacteria (NS), number of actinomycetes (NAC), number of oligotrophic (NO) and grain yield, as well as lower number of fungi (NF) were obtained under favorable environmental conditions. The hybrid NS 6010 had higher values of NA, TNM, NAZ, NAM, NO, and grain yield than hybrid Dijamant 6. What is more, higher NA, TNM, NAZ, NAM, NO, and grain yield were obtained under inoculation treatment, demonstrating that the microorganisms improve maize production and microbial abundance in the rhizosphere. The highest TNM, NAM, NF and NO were determined at stage 6-7 leaves, while the highest NA and NAC were at silking stage and NAZ at wax ripeness stage. Accordingly, hybrid choice and seed inoculation could serve as a good management practice for an increase in maize grain yield, and improved microbial population and nitrogen amount in the rhizosphere

Different genotypes of alternative small grains in organic farming

The main objectives were to examine different genotypes of alternative small grains important for food technology in organic farming conditions on morphological and productive characteristics. Four genotypes of different alternative small grains were included in the trial. Three of them were chosen for specific usage in food technology compact wheat Bambi - Triticum aestivum L. ssp. compactum, spelt Nirvana (Triticum aestivum L. ssp. spelta), durum wheat Durumko- (Triticum durum L.), and one which leads as a genotype for intensive conventional common wheat production in Serbia - NS 40S (Triticum aestivum L. ssp. vulgare). Plots were fertilized with biohumus "Royal ofert" (30 t ha(-1)) applied in autumn with basic tillage and microbial fertilizer "Slavol" ad as in spring foliar treatment in full tillering (51 ha(-1)). Alternative small grains durum wheat and compact wheat except splet gives lower grain yield in organic condition compared with comercial cultivar for high-input NS-40S

Razgradivost proteina zelene mase sa travnjaka u uslovima prolećne pregonske ispaše

A cutting experiment was conducted to analyze the changes in the crude protein (CP) fraction content and in the estimated ruminal protein degradability of forage, obtained in conditions of simulated rotational spring grazing on permanent grassland. The field trial was conducted on permanent pasture during 2015 and included three cuttings as a simulated rotational spring grazing. For determination of protein degradability of pasture forage, the fractionation of the CP according to Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS v6.5) and the Streptomyces griseus protease assay were used. Relative to CP, no significant differences were found among cuts for ammonia N content (A1 fraction) and for protein fraction C which is completely unavailable to the animals. Values for soluble true protein (A2 fraction) and cell wall-associated protein, which is acid detergent soluble (B2), were significantly increased (p lt 0.05) while a significant reduction (p lt 0.05) of the moderately degradable protein (B1) content was determined during the growing season. The lower rumen degradable protein (RDP) content of grassland herbage was obtained in the second cut which was significant (p lt 0.05) according to the CNCPS procedure. Obtained high solubility and degradability of CP in pasture require adequate content of readily available carbohydrates in rations for grazing ruminants to provide efficient utilization of consumed protein.Istraživanje je obavljeno u cilju utvrđivanja promena u sadržaju frakcija sirovog proteina (SP) i ruminalne razgradivosti proteina zelene mase dobijene košenjem prirodnog travnjaka u uslovima koji su odgovarali rotacijskoj pregonskoj ispaši tokom prolećne sezone. Poljski ogled je izveden na permanentnom pašnjaku tokom proleća 2015. godine i uključivao je tri otkosa koji su odgovarali ciklusima ispaše. Za determinisanje razgradivosti proteina zelene mase, frakcionisanje sirovog proteina je obavljeno prema proceduri Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS v6.5), kao i primenom in vitro metode korišćenjem Streptomyces griseus proteaze. U odnosu na SP, nisu utvrđene značajne razlike između otkosa - ciklusa ispaše u pogledu sadržaja amonijačnog N (frakcija A1), kao i u pogledu sadržaja proteinske frakcije C, koja je potpuno nedostupna životinjama. Sadržaj rastvorljivog pravog proteina (frakcija A2) i proteina vezanog za ćelijski zid, koji je rastvorljiv u kiselom deterdžentu (frakcija B2) se značajno povećavao (p lt 0,05), dok se sadržaj umereno razgradive frakcije proteina (B1) značajno smanjivao (p lt 0,05) tokom prolećne sezone vegetacije. Najmanja vrednost za ruminalnu razgradivost i učešće RDP (protein razgradiv u rumenu) u SP zelene mase sa pašnjaka utvrđena je u drugom otkosu, a ova razlika je bila značajna (p lt 0,05) kada je ruminalna razgradivost proteina determinisana korišćenjem procedure CNCPS. Utvrđeno visoko učešće rastvorljive frakcije SP i visoka ruminalna razgradivost SP zelene mase sa pašnjaka ukazuju na potrebu podrobnijeg balansiranja obroka za preživare na paši u pogledu sadržaja lako razgradivih ugljenih hidrata, a u cilju obezbeđenja efikasnog iskorišćavanja konzumiranog proteina

The nitrite content in domestic and foreign cooked sausages from the Serbian market

The nitrite content (expressed as NaNO2) was measured in 236 samples of different types of domestic and foreign cooked sausages from the Serbian market, according to standard ISO procedure. The highest content of nitrite (expressed as NaNO2) was found in fine comminuted cooked sausages from foreign producers. Similarly, the coarse comminuted cooked sausages from foreign producers contained higher nitrite compared to domestically produced cooked sausages. According to National and EU Regulations, the maximum allowed nitrate content (expressed as NaNO2) is 150 mg/kg. All tested cooked sausages had nitrite levels below the regulatory limits set by National Regulation and Regulation (EC) No. 601/2014, but the highest nitrite contents were found in cooked sausages from foreign producers

Cholesterol content and fatty acids composition of Mangalitsa pork meat

The aim of this study was to examine variability in cholesterol content and fatty acid composition in musculuslongissimus (MLLT) of various genotypes of pigs. Out of 30 male castrated animals used in the trial, 20 were Mangalitsa pigs ( Swallow Belly - SBM and White - WM) while 10 were of the Swedish Landrace breed - SL. The representative of pig meat breeds, SL had significantly less cholesterol in MLLT compared to SBM and WM pigs. The total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) content was higher in SBM and WM than in SL pigs (p lt 0.001)

Evaluation of the diet supplementation strategy on the flesh quality and fatty acid profiles in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of three supplementary diets on the nutritional quality of marketable common carp. Supplementary diets (Carp1-maize, Carp2-extruded and Carp3-pelleted feed) exhibited significantly different (p≤0.05) influences on the protein, lipids, moisture and ash content in market-sized carp. The most abundant saturated FA (SFA) was palmitic acid (C16:0), the most predominant monounsaturated FA (MUFA) was oleic acid (C18:1n-9), and the most abundant polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) was linoleic acid (C18:2n-6). The highest content of SFAs was established in Carp1 (24.57% and 1888.72 mg/100 g wet fillet). MUFAs were presented in the highest quantities (61.77%, I.e. 4854.91 mg/100 g wet fillet) in Carp1, and PUFA accounted the highest quantities (33.48%, I.e. 1763.01 mg/100 g wet fillet) in Carp3. The most nutritionally beneficial n-6/n-3 ratio was obtained in Carp2 (5.83). The results obtained in this study indicate that introducing supplementary diets containing extruded or pelleted feed instead of maize improved carp nutritional quality. PCA (principal component analysis) and LDA (linear discriminant analysis) of the FAs demonstrated that carp could be reliably classified based on their supplementary feed

Modifikacija strukture smektita sumpornom kiselinom i karakteristike modifikovanih smektita

Bentonite samples from Petrovac and Aleksinac were treated with sulfuric acid of different molarities. Differences in structure and texture of the initial and modified bentonite were determined by chemical analysis and Xraypowder diffraction (XRPD), infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and physisorption nitrogen at -196°C. Sulfuric acid caused an exchange of Al3+, Fe3+ and Mg2+ with H+ ions which led to a modification of the smectite crystalline structure. The Mg and Fe substitution in the octahedral sheet promoted the dispersion of those layers and forming of amorphous silicon. The sequence according to which the cations left the octahedral sheets was as follows: Mg2+>Fe3+>Al3+. The sulfuric acid activated bentonites exhibiting a lower cation exchange capacity (CEC) and a change of specific surface area (SBET) from 6 to 387 for bentonite from Petrovac and from 44 to 1784 m2 g-1 for bentonite from Aleksinac, positioning them as an excellent absorber in wine technology and in the protection of soil and environment.Uzorci bentonita iz Petrovca i Aleksinca tretirani su različitim molaritetima sumporne kiseline. Promene u strukturi i teksturi polaznih i modifikovanih bentonita utvrđene su hemijskom i analizom rendgenske difrakcije praha X-zraka (XRPD), infra crvenom spektroskopijom (FTIR), skening elektronskom mikroskopijom (SEM) i fizisorpcijom azota na -196°C. Dejstvo H2SO4 kiseline izazvalo je zamenu Al3+, Fe3+ i Mg2+ sa H+ jonima što je dovelo do modifikacije kristalne strukture smektita. Supstitucija Mg i Fe u oktaedarskom listu smektita promovisala je raspuštanje tih slojeva i formiranje silikatne faze. Redosled kojim su ovi katjoni napuštali oktaedarske listove bio je sledeći: Mg2+>Fe3+>Al3+. Sumpornom kiselinom aktivirani bentoniti pokazali su niži kapacitet katjonske izmene (CEC) i promenu specifične površine (SBET), od 6 na 387 kod bentonita Petrovca i od 44 na 1784 m2 g-1 kod bentonita Aleksinca, što ih svrstava u odlične absorbente u tehnologiji vina, zaštiti zemljišta i životne sredine

Optimizovana sinteza značajnog farmaceutskog intermedijera metil 4-[(1-oksopropil)fenilamino]piperidin-4-karboksilata

An efficient synthesis of methyl 4-[(1-oxopropyl)phenylamino]piperidine-4-carboxylate (7) has been developed starting from 1-benzylpiperidin-4-one (1). The compound is a key intermediate in the synthesis of new generation, highly active narcotic analgesics, such as remifintanil, as well as the novel classes of fentanyl analogues. An optimized Strecker-type condensation of piperidone 1 with aniline and HCN yielded the anilino-nitrile 2(≈90%) which, upon selective hydrolysis with conc. H2SO4, gave the anilino-amide 3.After vigorous basic hydrolysis of 3, followed by acidification and successive treatment with SOCl2 and MeOH, the anilino-ester 5 was obtained (40–45%, in 3 steps). N-Acylation of 5 with propionyl chloride yielded the anilido-ester 6(70–80%) In the final step, the catalytic N-debenzylation of 6 was examined under various conditions and optimized to yield 7 in near quantitative yields.U ovom radu razvijena je efikasna sinteza metil 4-[(1-oksopropil)fenilamino]piperidin-4-karboksilata (7), prolazeći od 1-benzil piperidin-4-on-1 (1). Jedinjenje 7 je ključni intermedijer u sintezi nove generacije visoko aktivnih narkotičkih analgetika, kao što je remifentanil a takođe i novih klasa analoga fentanyla. U optimizovanoj Strecker-ovoj kondenzaciji priperidona 1 sa anilinom i HCN, dobijen je anilino-nitril 2 (≈90%) prinos čijom je selektivnom hidrolizom pomoću konc. H2SO4 postao anilino-amid 3. Intenzivnom baznom hidrolizom ovog intermedijera, zakišeljavanjem a zatim sukcesivno reakcijom sa SOCl2 i MeOH sintetisan je anilino-estar 5 (≈40–45% prinos u 3 faze). N-acelovanjem anilino-estra 5 sa propionil hloridom postao je anilido-estar 6 (≈70–80% prinos). U poslednjom fazi sinteze izvršena je optimizacija katalitičkog N-debenzilovanja anilido-estra 6 do finalnog proizvoda 7, u približno kvantitativnom prinosu

Toxicological analysis of the risk of lead exposure in metal processing

Purpose: To evaluate toxicological risks for workers who are exposed to lead in their work environment. Methods: Since it is an important indicator of toxicological risk, a statistical analysis of lead concentration and biological lead toxicity markers in blood and urine were performed for both exposed and control groups. Both experimental groups consisted of employees from "NISSAL" JSC factory. Analytical epidemiological method in the form of a retrospective cohort study was applied, and covered the period from 2001 to 2010. The concentration of lead, δ-aminolevulinic acid, and coproporphyrin in biological samples were determined by spectrophotometric methods. Results: The results showed a high positive correlation between lead concentrations in blood and urine and the length of exposure of the participants (p < 0.01). Also, increase of lead concentration in the biological material significantly increased δ-aminolevulinic acid (p < 0.01) and slightly increased the concentration of coproporphyrin, both of which are important indicators of toxicological risk. Conclusion: The control group of employees belonged to the normal risk category, while the exposed group belonged to a moderate risk category. Correlation between the monitored parameters is statistically significant at p < 0.01 and p < 0.05. Keywords: Lead, δ-Aminolevulinic acid, Coproporphyrin, Chronic exposure, Toxicity, Correlatio

Characterization of sodium alginate/D-limonene emulsions and respective calcium alginate/D-limonene beads produced by electrostatic extrusion

In this study, calcium alginate beads immobilizing D-limonene (solid systems) have been manufactured starting from emulsions of this flavor in sodium alginate (liquid systems). The effects of alginate concentration (0.02 and 0.03 g/mL) and flavor content (5 and 10 % w/w) on viscosity, conductivity and stability of emulsions were investigated. The flavor droplets in emulsions are bigger as polymer solution is more concentrated and contains more of the flavor. When emulsions have been subjected to electrostatic extrusion and upon Na+-Ca2+ ion exchange, smaller (similar to 960 to similar to 1450 mm) and less spherical beads were obtained (sphericity factor 0.003-0.21) compared to beads produced by simple dripping technique (without electrostatic field). When wet beads were air dried, they shrunk less if they had higher content of the flavor. Novel mathematical model describing swelling kinetics of dried beads is developed. In this work, D-limonene was efficiently immobilized within Ca-alginate beads (immobilization efficiency similar to 50 to similar to 77%) and its thermal stability was confirmed by TG/MS analysis