6 research outputs found
Minocycline rescues decrease in neurogenesis, increase in microglia cytokines and deficits in sensorimotor gating in an animal model of schizophrenia
Adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus is impaired in schizophrenic patients and in an animal model of schizophrenia. Amongst a plethora of regulators, the immune system has been shown repeatedly to strongly modulate neurogenesis under physiological and pathological conditions. It is well accepted, that schizophrenic patients have an aberrant peripheral immune status, which is also reflected in the animal model. The microglia as the intrinsic immune competent cells of the brain have recently come into focus as possible therapeutic targets in schizophrenia. We here used a maternal immune stimulation rodent model of schizophrenia in which polyinosinic-polycytidilic acid (Poly I:C) was injected into pregnant rats to mimic an anti-viral immune response. We identified microglia IL-1{beta} and TNF-{alpha} increase constituting the factors correlating best with decreases in net-neurogenesis and impairment in pre-pulse inhibition of a startle response in the Poly I:C model. Treatment with the antibiotic minocycline (3mg/kg/day) normalized microglial cytokine production in the hippocampus and rescued neurogenesis and behavior. We could also show that enhanced microglial TNF-{alpha} and IL-1{beta} production in the hippocampus was accompanied by a decrease in the pro-proliferative TNFR2 receptor expression on neuronal progenitor cells, which could be attenuated by minocycline. These findings strongly support the idea to use anti-inflammatory drugs to target microglia activation as an adjunctive therapy in schizophrenic patients
Radiosurgical treatment of vestibular schwannoma after incomplete resection due to functional aspects: an outcome analysis
Issue 70.1 of the Review for Religious, 2011.Determining Change
Making the: Spiritual Exercises
,Growing Spiritually
Exploring Religious Life QUARTERLY
70.1
2 0 i 1
Review for Religious fosters dialogue with God,
dialogue with ourselves, and dialogue with one
another about the holiness we try to live according
to charisms of Catholic religious life. As Pope
Paul vI said, our way of being church is
today the way of dialogue.
Review for Religious (ISSN 0034-639X) is published quarterly
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~ gournal of Ca~hohc ~piri~uah~
Celebrating 70 Years
Editor
Book Review Editor
Scripture Scope
Editorial Staff
Advisory Board
Michael G. Harter sJ
Rosemary Jermann
Eugene Hensell OSB
Mary Ann Foppe
Tracy Gramm
Judy Sharp
Paul Coutinho SJ
Martir~ Erspamer OSB
Margaret Guider OSF
Kathleen Hughes RSCJ
Louis and Angela Menard
Bishop Terry Steib SVD
QUARTERLY
70.1
2011
contents
prisms
4 Prisms
6
17
determining change
Agents of Change: Six Models
Louis M. Savary shares and explains six models of being a
change agent that were created by a long ago deceased Jesuit,
Joseph Grau.
Christ-like Empathy in Those Who Govern
John H. Zupez SJ draws on Mark’s gospel to encourage
religious superiors and anyone exercising authority to learn
from the empathy of Jesus shown towards others.
25
44
making the spiritual exercises
The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius:
A Path to Virtue
James Menkhaus explores the Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius,
using the language of virtue ethics and emphasizing a new
understanding of the virtues of friendship and presence.
Reflecting on Readiness to Make the Spiritual Exercises
Myree Harris RSJ offers some possible questions and
reflections for a better assessment of retreatants’ readiness to
enter into the full 30oday Spiritual Exercises experience.
Review for Religious
59
growing spiritually
Looking at Death from a
Christian Perspective
Julius D. Leloczky OCist reflects on the contemporary
obsession with death and recalls how our Christian faith
gives us a life-perspective.
Spiritual Direction 101
J. Thomas Hamel SJ reflects on the practice of spiritual
direction understood as a dual ministry with the roles of
giving and receiving by the director and the directee.
73
84
exploring religious life
Looking for Nuns, Finding Women Deacons
Phyllis Zagano suggests that in light of the Apostolic
Visitation of U.S. women religious the monastic framework
proposed applies to the minority of institutes and religious
vocations, whereas the larger body of institutes and
new vocations are moving to other ways of ministering,
presaging the church’s return to the ancient vocation
of the diaconate for women.
Revisiting Obedience
William P. Clark OMI reviews the challenges that
contemporary culture has presented to the understanding
and practice of religious obedience.
departments
95 Scripture Scope: Jeremiah: A Messenger of God
Caught between a Rockand a Hard Place
100 Book Reviews 3
70.1 2011
prisms
4
I t seems strange to me to be
writing my own farewell as editor. In the 68.4
issue of the 2009 journal, I had written in this
space that I had been diagnosed with pancreatic
cancer and knew only that I had as long to live
here as God wanted. As I write this, my death is
not imminent, but I did want to see an orderly
transition of my editor’s responsibilities. I have
completed 22 years as editor, and it has been for
me a privilege to publish so many authors, a call
to a continuing learning experience, and an occa-sion
of the deepening of my own religious life. I
hope and pray that our readers can also identify
a learning and deepening for their religious lives
as their experience of this journal.
As the title page indicates, Father Michael G.
Harter SJ is the new editor, beginning with this
current volume. Father Harter brings his own rich
life experience to this job. He has been involved
in religious formation both as assistant novice
director and as novice director and director of
Ministry Training Services in Denver, Colorado.
He has been managing editor of the Jesuit maga-zine
America. He has been called to religious
leadership as a community superior and as the
provincial executive assistant. He has served on
the board of Praesidium, the accrediting agency
in abuse risk management. He has traveled exten-sively
and knows church and religious life from
Europe to Africa to India to Australia. In fact, he
served as associate editor of Review for Religious
for two years before he became novice director
Review for Religious
for the Jesuit St. Paul novitiate and wrote the single Prisms
not under my name.
At the same time, I would also like to introduce
Rosemary Jermann as our new book editor. Rosemary
Jermann also brings a rich experience in editing; she has
been a co-editor of Theology Digest up to its last publica-tion
in June 2010. Because Theology Digest was sponsored
by the Department of Theological Studies at Saint Louis
Unversity, Jermann also had the opportunity to teach
within the department. She will also contribute her edito-rial
skills to the final product of each issue.
Any editor is only as good as the staff and board that
monitor and support him. I have been extremely fortunate
in having a devoted staff identified in Mary Ann Foppe,
Judy Sharp, Tracy Gramm, and Jean Read (t), and asso-ciate
editors as Iris Ann Ledden SSND, Regina Siegfried
ASC, Clare Boehmer ASC, Philip Fischer SJ (t), Michael
Harter SJ, Canon Law editors Richard Hill SJ (~’) and
Elizabeth McDonough OP, and Scripture Scope editor
Eugene Hensell OSB. We as editors and staff have received
invaluable help from our past and present advisory board
members since 1990: David J. Hassel SJ (~), Mary Margaret
Johanning SSND (~’), Iris Ann Ledden SSND, Sean Sammon
FMS, Wendy Wright, Suzanne Zuercher OSB, Edmundo
Rodriguez SJ, Joanne Wolski Conn, David Werthmann
CSSR, Joel Rippinger OSB, Patricia Wittberg SC, Jim and
Joan Felling, Kathryn Richards FSp, Bishop Carlos Sevilla
SJ, Adrian Gaudin SC (?), Raymond Marie Gerard FSP,
Eugene Hensell OSB, Miriam Ukeritis csJ, Lou and Angela
Menard, Martin Erspamer OSB, Kathleen Hughes RSCJ,
Bishop Terry Steib SVD, Margaret Guider OSF, and Paul 5"
Coutinho SJ.
My thanks to everyone. Remember me in your prayers.
David L. Fleming SJ
70.1 2011
LOUIS M. SAVARY
Agents of Change:
Six Models
determining
change
We are all called to be agents of change. It
is a human calling as well as a Christian call-ing.
However, we are not all called to be the
same kind of change agent. A dear friend of
mine, long ago deceased, Joseph Grau, a Jesuit
priest for many years, created a simplified way
of identifying the different kinds of change
agent styles available. His naming and defining
of these six models is a genuine contribution
to contemporary spiritual practice, and his
insights deserve to be re-presented. I share this
article as a tribute to him.
The Three Players in Making a Change
According to Dr. Grau, there are six mod-els
of change agency, each of which has three
major players: (I) the People, (2) the Structure,
(3) the Change Agent.
Louis M. Savary PhD, STD, may be addressed at 3404
Ellenwood Lane; Tampa, Florida 33618. <lousavary@
yahoo.com>
Review for Religious
The term "People" refers to the set of persons who want
or need change. Included in "People" are the individu-als
and groups experiencing treatment that is unfair,
unjust, unsafe, abusive, prejudicial, or cruel but who
cannot effectively defend or protect themselves from
the harmful situation or who cannot change and correct
the unwelcome situation by themselves.
Certain groups may be enduring racial prejudice,
unsafe working conditions, unfair employer demands,
denial of human rights, political oppression, gender
discrimination, rejection by a church, or unequal treat-ment
by institutions such as insurance companies, credit
card companies, banks, educational institutions, or law
enforcement.
Individuals who want or need change might include
children who are physically or sexually abused by family
members, students being bullied at school, employees
being harassed at the workplace, or those in neighbor-hoods
that are unsafe because of gang warfare.
"People" may also be extended to include animals
and other forms in nature, since animals (that is, endan-gered
species) and nature (that is, forests, the ozone
layer) are often helpless by themselves to change an
unsafe or destructive environment caused by humans.
The term "Structure" refers to the unjust societal or
institutional structure that is in need of change. "Structure"
is the generalized term used here .for any existing politi-cal,
social, cultural, ecclesiastical, or familial situation
or system that allows, promotes, or condones practices
that are unjust, unfair, illegal, uncaring, biased, abu-sive,
or cruel to individuals or groups who usually can-not
defend or protect themselves from such situations.
These harmful situations may have been caused or cre-ated
by unfair or unjust laws, lack of awareness, corrupt
70.1 2011
Savary ¯ Agents of Change
If you choose to be a Change Agent
in an unfair situation,
you can play at least six
different roles-- in helping to
effect the needed change.
8
political organizations, racially biased societal norms,
prejudicial cultural prac6ces, religious bigotry, oppres-sive
government, inadequate social services, or abusive
family behavior.
The "Change Agent" (CA) is one who chooses to try to
change an unsafe, unjust, or unfair Structure in favor of the
affected People.
The "Change
Agent" is usu-ally
viewed as an
individual but
could be a small
group of people.
If you choose
to be a Change
Agent in an
unfair situation,
you can act in
at least six different ways--or play at least six different
roles--in helping to effect the needed change.
1. The Advocate Agent of Change ~
The most common model of change agent is’the
advocate (CA) who personally confronts the Structure on
behalf of the People. The Advocate Agent is often inde-pendent
of and outside the group of people for whom he
or she is advocating. For example, in a class action suit
against, say, a pharmaceutical company (the Structure),
a lawyer (CA) personally advocates in court on behalf
of the consumers who have been treated unfairly or
unjustly (the People). Thus, on behalf of the People, the
Change Agent tries to affect or influence the Structure:
People--> CA--> Structure
Lawyers are not the only Advocates. A teacher (CA)
can approach the school administration (Structure) to
Review for Relig4ous
advocate on behalf of students (People) who need spe-cialized
care or tutoring. A parent (CA) can approach the
local police (Structure) and advocate for protection of
children (People) who are being bullied on neighborhood
streets. A therapist (CA) can write letters to Medicaid
(Structure), advocating for certain patients (People) to
receive disability payments. A teacher (CA) can write let-ters
of recommendation to colleges (Structure), advocat-ing
for certain students (People) to receive scholarships
or financial aid. A physician (CA) can contact hospice
(Structure) to advocate on behalf of dying patients
(People). Pastoral ministers (CA) can approach the prison
system (Structure), requesting religious training and
other forms of spirituality for inmates (People).
2. The Empowerment Agent of Change
In this second model, the Change Agent organizes
and empowers the People, who then directly confront the
Structure. There is a big difference between the first two
models. In the Advocacy model, the CA deals directly
with the Structure; in this second model the CA deals
directly with the People wanting change, and not with
the Structure. In this model, the CA teaches the People
how to approach the Structure directly and advocate for
themselves.
The most obvious example of Empowerment is the
community organizer. Empowerment Agents may or
may not belong to the community they are empowering,
but they obviously have charisma and organizing skills
that most others don’t possess. The Empowerment CA
teaches people how to get organized, how to formulate
and present their request, how to approach the people
who representthe Structure; what their legal rights are,
what to do in the face of resistance, how to develop a
Plan B.
9
70.1 2011
Savary ¯ Agents of Change
The Empowerment Agent works directly on the
People, organizing and training them, so that the People
are prepared to approach the Structure directly. Thus,
CA--> People --> Structure
In one of the social ministries at our parish, a min-istering
couple (CA) trains unemployed people (People)
in how to get jobs in the business world (Structure) by
teaching them how to write effective resumes, how to
answer questions in a job interview, how to dress prop-erly,
how to network with other job seekers, and other
skills useful in landing a job. Some professionals (CA)
teach groups of unfairly treated workers (People) how
to form labor unions in their workplaces (Structure) or
how to demand safer working conditions.
The Empowerment Agent knows how to generate
"people pressure" to change a situation on behalf of cer-tain
groups. Some years ago in Washington, DC, when
natural childbirth procedures were becoming popular
among mothers but not among doctors and hospitals,
workshop leaders (CA) told expectant mothers (People)
that they had a legal right to demand natural childbirth
in a hospital (Structure). Although obstetricians pre-ferred
to deliver babies through chemically-induced
childbirth, the mothers’ repeated demands for natural
childbirth practices in hospitals prevailed.
3. The Lifestyle Agent of Change
Grau’s third model of change agency is the Lifestyle
Agent. Here, the CA is one of the People and acts as one of
them. Thus, the CA belongs to the very group of those
seeking their rights or some concession they believe to
be rightfully theirs. A common example is a group of
college students (People) protesting some policy of the
college (Structure) that they wish to change. Each of the
protesting students is a CA. Or, to put it another way,
Review for Religious
the group of students as an entity (the People) is the CA.
Although you or I as specific students in that group seem
to be merely one of the protesting students, nevertheless,
you and I are legitimately called CAs. In this scenario,
People (CA) People --> Structure
The most common forms of Lifestyle Agents include
the protest march, the worker strike, the sit-in, the let-ter-
writing campaign, and the political campaign. In
each case, groups of people (who are both People and
Change Agents) coordinate, organize, and mobilize their
time, money, and efforts to change an unjust situation
(Structure).
During the 1960s, there was much resistance to
racial integration of African Americans into white public
institutions such as schools, churches, restaurants, and
clubs. Two white couples in a Southern state desired
to live a non-racially-prejudiced lifestyle. To an exclu-sive
private school their own children were attending
(Structure), they (CA) gave scholarships for a number
of academically qualified African American children
(People), whose applications the school could not reject.
The same two couples invited African American cou-ples
(People) to dine with them (CA) at their favorite
exclusive "white" restaurant (Structure). The restaurant
owner could either welcome the African Americans or
lose the business of two wealthy white families who
were regular and generous customers. The owner chose
to keep earning money.
4. The Direct Service Agent of Change
In some cases, the Structure (that is, the local gov-ernment)
is incapable of meeting the needs of a group of
People, such as the poor, the hungry, the homeless, or
immigrants, because of a lack of funds or personnel. So,
someone must step up and directly meet those needs.
70.1 2011
Savary ¯ Agents of Cl~ange
12
The Saint Vincent de Paul Society in church parishes is
a Direct Service Agent, as are people who work in soup
kitchens, who deliver food to shut-ins, or who tutor
children who wouldn’t otherwise ever learn to read.
What is interesting about this model is its inde-pendence
of the Structure. The Structure may refuse
to meet the needs of such People, may be ignorant of
those needs, or may even enact laws that outlaw such
help. In this case, the Direct Service Agent provides direct
service to the People in need, whether or not the Structure
approves. Thus, CA--> People Structure
Although the schema shows no arrow going from
the People to the Structure, there is inevitably an effect
produced on the Structure. Sometimes, the Structure
is relieved and very grateful for the Direct Service CA,
as was India (Structure) in the case of Mother Teresa
(CA) and her service of the poorest and lowest classes
(People). In other cases, as when those in church min-istry
(CA) care for the needs of illegal immigrants
(People), the CA may be acting in opposition to a civil
ordinance (Structure).
5. The Ideological Agent of Change
Most parents, teachers, counselors, and health pro-fessionals
exemplify the Ideological Agents of change.
Ideological Agents are shaping the minds and souls of the
People in their care. Such CAs are working at a much
more fundamental level than the Empowerment Agents
are. Empowerment Agents typically organize and train a
group of people to encounter the Structure on a specific
issue, such as better treatment of gays in the community
or requesting representation or a voice at a university’s
Board of Directors meetings.
By contrast, the Ideological Agent is shaping the
minds of people at a more general level. For example,
Review for Religious
religious teachers train students to think rationally
and ethically, no matter what issue may arise in the
future. Parents may instruct their children in proper
social behavior--how to show gratitude, how to ask for
things, how to play cooperatively. An English teacher
may instruct students in how to communicate effectively
through the written word and how to appreciate good
writing. A history - -
teacher may show
students how to
learn and grow
wise from the
study of history
and the successes
and failures of
great men and
women. A math
teacher equips
students for dealing with the financial and scientific
dimensions of life. The counselor and health profes-sional
help people deal with their basic emotional and
physical issues so that they can be productive members
of society. Financial advisors teach people how to man-age
their money. Workshop leaders can teach people
how to create the lives they desire.
The work of the Ideological CA is, above all, foun-dational
in nature. The CA is preparing persons (People)
not only to live in society or in the church (Structures),
but also to become intelligent and contributing members
of such groups. In effect, the work of the Ideological CA
is to prepare people to become effective agents of change
themselves. Symbolically, CA--> People --> Structure
In one sense, the effects the Ideological Agent has
on the Structures of society or the church are mostly
The effects the Ideological Agent
has on the Structures of society
or the church are mostly indirect,
~b~ut yet very powerful.
13
70.1 2011
Savary ¯ Agents of Change
14
indirect, but yet very powerful. Persons who have not
learned to think for themselves, or who have little or no
control over their emotions or instincts are not likely
to become the best agents of change in society. The
role of the Ideological Agent is therefore crucial for the
development of society and of the church.
Also not to be forgotten among the Ideological
Agents are editors of newspapers and newsletters and
writers of books, professional articles, and how-to pam-phlets.
Many people today have websites or blogs that
provide inspiration, give helpful hints, or steer people
in the right direction.
6. The Institutional Agent of Change
The sixth and final model is called Institutional.
In this approach, the Institutional Agent (CA) is part of
the Structure. Thus, in the church (Structure), a priest
or bishop who is a part of that Structure can be an
Institutional Agent (CA) if he works to change the
Structure so that it benefits the People by meeting
their need(s). A truly Institutional CA is always con-sciously
thinking of the People and how he or she can
make things better for the them. Structure (CA) -->
Structure --> People
Institutional CAs would also include elected politi-cal
representatives, school officials, academic adminis-trators,
mayors, governors, civil officials
Radiosurgical treatment of vestibular schwannoma after incomplete resection due to functional aspects: an outcome analysis
Deep brain stimulation during early adolescence prevents microglial alterations in a model of maternal immune activation
In recent years schizophrenia has been recognized as a neurodevelopmental disorder likely involving a perinatal insult progressively affecting brain development. The poly I:C maternal immune activation (MIA) rodent model is considered as a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia. Previously, using this model we and others demonstrated the association between neuroinflammation in the form of altered microglia and a schizophrenia-like endophenotype. Therapeutic intervention using the anti-inflammatory drug minocycline affected altered microglia activation and was successful in the adult offspring. However, less is known about the effect of preventive therapeutic strategies on microglia properties. Previously we found that deep brain stimulation of the medial prefrontal cortex applied pre-symptomatically to adolescence MIA rats prevented the manifestation of behavioral and structural deficits in adult rats. We here studied the effects of deep brain stimulation during adolescence on microglia properties in adulthood. We found that in the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens, but not in the medial prefrontal cortex, microglial density and soma size were increased in MIA rats. Pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA was unchanged in all brain areas and after implantation and stimulation. Stimulation of either the medial prefrontal cortex or the nucleus accumbens normalized microglia density and soma size in main projection areas including the hippocampus and in the area around the electrode implantation. We conclude that in parallel to an alleviation of the symptoms in the rat MIA model, deep brain stimulation has the potential to prevent the neuroinflammatory component in this disease